Lord of the Flies Intelligence and Good vs. Evil Free Essays

Good versus evil is a common concept used often in storytelling, writing, plays, movies, etc. the basic story line is commonly used and developed to mold different ideals, meanings, and lessons into different types of works. William Golding’s novel the Lord of the Flies falls into this category of works with the good versus evil story line. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies: Intelligence and Good vs. Evil or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boiling the novel down to its most basic state it is a story of a group of boys. They all start out in a state of innocence, then as they adjust to their new surroundings after being stranded on a deserted island with no adults; they chose whether or not they turn from their innocence. When the boys turn from their innocence they go from being good to evil, or as the interpretation of this novel is commonly perceived the boys go from being civilized boys to savages. It is in this sense that civilized and good can be used interchangeably for this interpretation, and the same for evil and savagery. Golding puts an interesting twist to this basic plot right in the beginning of the story. Golding takes the story from just a simple tale of good versus evil to good versus evil with competing ideas of intelligence. Right in the beginning of the novel we see these ideas of intelligence take form. As the story builds the differences in the types of intelligence grows and becomes more distinct. From there the competition of good versus evil begins. After their plane crashes the boys who were on the plane to escape the warfare in England are scattered on the island. Ralph, the first boy we are introduced to meets another boy named Piggy. â€Å"It’s a shell! I seen one like that before. On someone’s back wall. A conch he called it. He used to blow it and then his mum would come. It’s ever so valuable-â€Å"(15). With Piggy’s help Ralph uses the conch they found to call out to the other boys on the island. This is the first hint at the two types of intelligence. Piggy is already exhibiting signs of natural intelligence. This type of intelligence is developed based on the sensory analysis of the surroundings. This intelligence is more advanced and enables Piggy to think in more civilized, advanced ways. He is immediately made fun of for his appearance and as the story progresses is mocked as a know-it-all. No one listens to Piggy, even though the conch and the meeting were his ideas no one realizes this, nor do they care. Once all the boys are gathered together there is a vote on who should be chief. A boy named Jack is introduced as the leader of the choir boys and he wants to be chief, but when put to a vote Ralph is elected. Ralph does give the choir to Jack and asks what they would like to be. Jack tells Ralph that he and his choir shall be the hunters. Ralph depicts more social intelligence. Ralph knows how to work a crowd, how to lead a group, and how to gain respect. â€Å"Everybody must stay round here and wait and not go away. Three of us- if we take more we’d get all mixed, and lose each other- three of us will go on an expedition and find out† (23-24). This act showed that Ralph was able to get the attention of the boys at any time and that the boys would actually listen to him. His ability to be able to accomplish this as quickly as he did really shows his true social intelligence. â€Å"If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire† (38). Ralph does show some natural intelligence as well, but not nearly as much as Piggy exhibits. Jack also shows a form of social intelligence. He is able to keep command over his choir and they listen to him no matter what. This shows that in the beginning of the story even though the boys are all different, have different types of intelligence, and have mixed feelings about the situation they are still united together as a whole. â€Å"All day I’ve been working with Simon. No one else. They’re off bathing, or eating, or playing† (50). The boys begin to slack and begin to realize that there aren’t consequences or punishments for the wrongs they do. Jack and his group of hunters become obsessed with the idea of killing a pig, and are the only ones exempt from helping build shelters, though the other boys don’t really care enough about their orders to help build or gather food. It’s at this point in the novel where there are serious signs of cracks and issues with the order system the boys have put in place since being on the island. Jack is beginning to slip into a more savage state, and is using his social intelligence to bring other boys down with him. The improvised form of society that the boys have created is already starting to weaken and fall. Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood† (69). â€Å"Look! We’ve killed a pig-we stole up on them-we got into a circle-â€Å"(69). It is at this point in the novel where the group of hunters, the boys who killed the pig, have turned from innocence. The kill they had obsessed over finally happened and they were proud of themselves for killing. The a ct of killing a living creature, something they never had done before, was the true turning point for them. There was no turning back from it; the hunters even painted their faces, this sense of wearing a mask, pretending to be someone else enabled them to kill. ‘But they’ll be painted! You know how it is. ’ Eric says. The others nodded. They understood only too well the liberation into savagery that the concealing paint brought. ‘Well, we won’t be painted,’ said Ralph, ‘because we aren’t savages’† (Golding 172). Ralph is starting to understand that Jack and the group of boys who follow him are starting to turn to a more evil state. Ralph still tries to use his social intelligence and command over his boys so they don’t go over to Jack’s side. Within Jack’s group the obsession with hunting caused the boys to let the fire go out, and subsequently lose a chance at rescue. The hunters didn’t really seem to care about the fire; they were still overly hyped up about their kill, swearing that they would hunt again and bring back even more meat. As the boys become more and more content with letting go with the rules they get closer and closer to losing their sense of civilization completely. â€Å"‘If I blow the conch and they don’t come back; then we’ve had it. We shan’t keep the fire going. We’ll be like animals. We’ll never be rescued. ’â€Å" (Golding 92). As the boys start to fulfill their own wishes of hunting and playing they get sick of listening to Ralph and being controlled by the conch. They don’t want to do work; they just want to have fun. Jack rebels against Ralph and makes his own â€Å"tribe,† where he could be the leader and he would no longer be controlled by the conch. Evil starts to arise rapidly; the majority of the older boys side with Jack and abandon Ralph’s authority. After that Piggy, Sam and Eric are the older boys who remain with Ralph. As the night wears on, some of the â€Å"littleuns† sneak off to join Jack. This is truly the end of their makeshift society, it has completely failed. After the split of the group it appeared as though things could settle down, but Ralph and his boys find that it is nearly impossible to keep the rescue fire going. They need to ask the others for help but Jack’s boys are too afraid to help them. Jack had taken to using torturous and intimidation methods to keep control over his group. He wears a mask, like he did when he killed the first pig; this seems to allow Jack to give in completely to his â€Å"evil† savage side. It was while celebrating their savageness and reenacting the kill that they got carried away and got themselves overly worked up. The beast struggled forward, broke the ring and fell over the steep edge of the rock to the sand by the water. At once the crowd surged after it poured down the rock, leapt on to the beast, screamed struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws† (Golding 153). The wickedness in all of the boys deludes them into mistaking Sim on, the only truly â€Å"good† pure boy, as the beastie. Simon was considered to be the â€Å"pure† boy, the epitome of civilization and innocence. Jack and the other boys had completely given themselves over to their evil sides, giving in to their natural instincts and savagery. Social Intelligence and natural intelligence are both qualities that help a person to be successful in life. However, overall, society puts greater worth in social intelligence. The abilities to work with others, lead and motivate others, and inspire others make a person successful in life. Just like good and evil, social and natural intelligence go hand in hand. One is not greater than the other, but like people believe good is better, people put more stock in social intelligence. In Lord of the Flies the boys put their trust in Ralph, but as time goes on, and rules begin to be broken, the less control Ralph seems to have. Social intelligence will only go so far, it can’t be natural instincts. Natural instincts are hidden behind the rules and expectations of society. When they begin to dwindle and those instincts become more prominent, that natural intelligence becomes important, it can be the intelligence or lack thereof that can make or break a situation. Without one, evil or good, natural intelligence or social intelligence, the other is not really known. Without evil how would we know what good is? If everyone was socially intelligent how would we know what natural intelligence is? The answer is we wouldn’t have a way of knowing. A person cannot know one without knowing of the other. Intelligence and good and evil all work together, as seen in Golding’s novel. Jack possessed the same kind of social intelligence as Ralph, but when he gave in to evil his social intelligence the power it gave him over the other boys allowed Jack to change the atmosphere of the island and turn the boys away from goodness and civilization. Piggy had natural intelligence but because he lacked any real social intelligence he was shunned, mocked, and in the end killed for this. He came off as a know-it-all and a whiner; this annoyed the other boys and eventually led to his demise. The boys didn’t put any stock in natural intelligence; they put all their stock in social intelligence and natural instinct. Ralph, with Piggy’s help, was able to remain civilized and good. Though he lost his hold on the boys he still had his social intelligence, and even some natural intelligence of his own to rely on. When Ralph was in charge his positive outlook affected the boys as well, they were positive because he was positive. The struggle between good and evil does not just affect the person who’s battling it within themselves, it also affects those around them, and subsequently can change them too. ? How to cite Lord of the Flies: Intelligence and Good vs. Evil, Papers

Effect of Product Packaging in Consumer Buying Decision

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Product Packaging in Consumer Buying Decision. Answer: Introduction Product packaging process has become one sales promotion tools that determines the consumers buying behaviour. The literature study will provide the insightful ideas about the necessary factors that drive a brand towards success. According to Raheem, Vishnu and Ahmed (2014), packaging process is considered as the maintenance of the whole package that becomes the ultimate selling proposition. It helps in stimulating the impulsive purchasing behaviour as well. The effective packaging process increases the market share and sales ratio by reducing the promotional and market costs. Kuvykaite, Dovaliene and Navickiene (2015) implied that the consumers usually attracted towards the appealing features of the product packaging. It is one of the most beneficial strategies to increase the brand image and stimulating the consumers perception regarding any particular product. The packaging process includes many factors that are instigating the customers to determine their purchasing decision. The literature review study will concentrate on these factors to reflect on the effectiveness of product packaging process. Concept of Product Packaging According to Velasco et al. (2016), the definition of packaging system may range from simple to complex functionalities. It is generally focusing on the holistic and more extensive interpretations. The packaging process of the product is often conceptualized as the method of establishing the extrinsic value of the goods. Stolzenbach et al. (2013) implied that the process usually involves different activities that represents the final attribute of the product. However, the product packaging is the container of the product to be covered with the proper colour, labeling, and shaping processes. The colours used in the product packaging system are often drawing the attention of the consumers. ST Wang (2013) opined that it is necessary to determine the colour of packaging because it helps in differentiating the product from the other competitors products. Hence, it can be stated that colours play a suggestive role in ensuring the decision-making process of the consumers. Elements of Product Packaging: Product Colour, Label, Materials The companies often pay attention towards the colour combination for emphasizing the different mood. For example, red colour is used for trust, black colour is used for power, green for organic or balance and keeping the nature of fresh. It is an essential component for making the purchasing decision (Gifford and Nilsson 2014). Consumers usually prefer the certain colour at per their own preferences. They are sometimes inclined towards purchasing the specific colour of the products that symbolizes the religion or culture. According to Van Ooijen et al. (2016), product packaging process is associated with four distinct marketing functions. First, it helps in containing and protecting the actual product. The second function of the packaging process is to promote the brand of the products to the potential customers in the market. Third aspect is ensuring the products are usable to the consumers. The final aspect determines that the products are protected from the environmental damages. Therefore, it can be implied that product-packaging process is more about only protecting the products, but it helps in developing the image of the brand to the potential customers. Therefore, if the company fails to pay attention towards the design of the product package, it may decrease the chances of ensuring visibility and attractiveness (Konstantoglou et al. 2016). It is one of the most fruitful methods of increasing the sales ratio. Product labeling is another most attractive feature of product packaging. The effective product labeling is providing the adequate information related to the product ingredient, product category, and the product instructions. The labeling helps the consumers to decide whether they can buy the products or not. The products are not only guided by the taste, it also guided by some of the recognizable and extrinsic factors, such as price, labeling, origin, and brand awareness (Vyas 2015). Consumers always feel pressure to make the purchasing decision by judging the products with these categories. When the product packaging informs the customers about these specifications, it becomes easier to the customers to decide which product and brand is to be selected. Maniatis (2016) explained that the product labeling is one of the most helpful procedures for the customers to decide which of the products is to be purchased and it will take even lesser time to decide. In current time, it has been observed that the consumers are much cautious about the health and nutritious issues (Nikolova and Inman 2015). The information provided in the label is thus necessary for the customers to become sure about the right choice. The materials used for the product packaging is considered as much important element since it prevents the products from the loss or any damage. It is noticed that the consumers are more likely to prefer the high quality products than the low quality products. Hence, it can be inferred that the packaging materials have the clear and impressive impacts on the consumers purchase decision (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014). The consumers often use the packaging material for extracting the essential values of the products. Moreover, it changes the perception of the product quality if the material of the product packaging is of high quality. The product packaging is the final point of influencing the decision of the customers related to the product purchase whereas the marketing messaging is influenced by the advertisements (Dessart, Veloutsou and Morgan-Thomas 2015). The product packaging creates the clear linking between the brand specifications and the purchasing behaviour of the consumer s. It is thus considered as the one of the most fruitful process of establishing the interaction between the brands and the consumers. Another major element is product innovation. The current sophistication in the market has been frequently changing the demands of thee customers. However, it is notified that the customers are much attracted towards the innovative product packaging process. The innovative shape and features added to the product packaging will signify the brand of the product. Accoridngly, it will be much demanding to the potential customers. Concept of Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is the set of activities that determines the experience of the consumers in searching the expected prospects. These prospects usually include the selection, evaluation, purchasing process, and searching for the right products. These behaviours usually influence the customers to judge the available products and services (Case and Given 2016). If these products and services are fulfilling the needs of demands of the customers, it will be effective enough in making a quick decision regarding the purchase of any product. On the other hand, Gunter and Furnham (2014) defined that the consumer behaviour is the perceptions of the customers regarding any particular product feature that satisfies the needs and demands. It is sometimes associated with the psychological factors. It is often noticed that if a customer were satisfied with a particular brand, the customer would be more likely to purchase the products of similar brands (Oliver 2014). Therefore, the consumers behav iour is needed to be treated as the utmost priority to determine the profits of the companies that are selling products or services. Theory of Consumer Behaviour The theory of consumer behaviour concentrates on the judgment of the consumers perception related to buying any good from a particular brand. The consumer behaviour determines how a customer spends the money on purchasing any good or service to attain the highest level of satisfaction. According to Schiffman et al. (2013), utility is the measurement of the satisfaction level that drives a consumer towards consuming any particular commodity. The perception thus may vary among the individuals. The theory of the consumer behaviour is thus concentrating on two major approaches, such as the cardinal approach to utility and the ordinal approach to utility. Gifford and Nilsson (2014) explained that the Cardinalist school generally asserts that the utility can be quantified and measured. It suggests that there is the possibility to measure the satisfaction level that is obtained through consuming any particular good. It is measured by transforming into the quantitative terms. On the other hand, the Ordinalist school is suggesting the utility or the satisfaction level cannot be measured by obtaining the idea through using the good. In such cases, the consumers have the right to compare the product by other products available in the market. If the expected product is not satisfying the needs of the consumers, there is the possibility that the consumer can switch to another product of different brand. Apart from the cardinal and ordinal utility, there is another type of category visible and that is Total Utility and the Marginal Utility. Ooijen et al. (2016) stated that the total utility is often known as the aggregated utility that is derived from the consumers perceptions after using the product. On the other hand, the Marginal Utility is conceptualized as the utility that flows from the additional unit of commodity over what has been consumed. Types of Consumer Behaviour It is necessary to determine that the resources are sufficient to fulfill the demands and needs of the potential consumers. The customer buying behaviour can be classified into four major categories that are explained below: Complex Buying Behaviour of the Customers The significant difference between the brands is visible when the customers are highly involved with the buying process. In such cases, the consumers need to collect the extensive and adequate information related to the product attribute (Konstantoglou et al. 2016). The product packaging can be helpful in such cases. Variety Seeking Behaviour of the Customers Many of the consumers are less involved with the buying products. In spite of the lower buying behaviour, there is the significant difference noticed between the brands. In such cases, the consumers seek the product variations more specifically. It is to be indicated that the consumers usually do not buy products from different brands due to the dissatisfaction level (Gifford and Nilsson 2014). They often seek variety and superiority and buy the products from different brands. The advertisements of the products influence the customers in such cases. Dissonance Buying Behaviour of the Customers In this category, the customers are more involved in focusing on the few differences in the brands. The consumers seek quality in terms of purchasing any product. However, it is noted that the preferable product quality with low rate can be effective enough in attracting the customers more specifically (Case and Given 2016). Habitual Buying Behaviour of the Customers In this buying behaviour, the customer involvement in the purchasing process is very less. There are even few differences found between the brands that influence the customers to purchase the products quickly. Therefore, these types of the consumers behaviour are needed to be judged before designing the product package (Konstantoglou et al. 2016). Impact of Product Packaging on Consumer Behaviour It is assumed that the buying behaviour of the customers is mostly influenced when the customers are in the store. The product packaging is the final point of influencing the decision of the customers related to the product purchase whereas the marketing messaging is influenced by the advertisements. The product packaging creates the clear linking between the brand specifications and the purchasing behaviour of the consumers. It is thus considered as the one of the most fruitful process of establishing the interaction between the brands and the consumers. Konstantoglou et al. (2016) stated that packaging directly correlates to the product quality. It draws the attention of the customers when it is placed in the shelf of the store. Many of the universities proved that the packaging process has the direct influence on the decision-making process of the customer in different sectors. It is also examined that the consumers usually pay more attention towards the products and the packaging style that shapes the perspectives of the consumers whether to buy the products or not (Case and Given 2016). The innovative use of packaging is essentially needed to be concentrated since it generates the idea about the consumers attribute towards the brand. Hence, the packaging elements are repeatedly examined to draw the attention of the potential consumers. Gaps in the Literature The literature study provides the insights about the influence of the product packaging process on consumers purchasing behaviour. Even though the literature provides the ideas about the different elements of product packaging, it does not clarify the type of the packaging that can influence the consumers. The main intention of the customer is to understand the benefits of the innovative product packaging. Moreover, it is even essential to understand the current market needs. However, the literature study lacks the information regarding the current demands of the customers regarding the innovative features of the product packages. The literature study has not even provided the perception of the customers to determine the specific product features. Hence, the literature study is somewhat limited. Conclusion The product packaging process is considered as the maintenance of the whole package that becomes the ultimate selling proposition. It helps in stimulating the impulsive purchasing behaviour as well. The effective packaging process increases the market share and sales ratio by reducing the promotional and market costs. Consumer behaviour is the set of activities that determines the experience of the consumers in searching the expected prospects. These prospects usually include the selection, evaluation, purchasing process, and searching for the right products. These behaviours usually influence the customers to judge the available products and services. If these products and services are fulfilling the needs of demands of the customers, it will be effective enough in making a quick decision regarding the purchase of any product. The product packaging is the final point of influencing the decision of the customers related to the product purchase whereas the marketing messaging is influ enced by the advertisements. The product packaging creates the clear linking between the brand specifications and the purchasing behaviour of the consumers. It is thus considered as the one of the most fruitful process of establishing the interaction between the brands and the consumers References Case, D.O. and Given, L.M. eds., 2016.Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Emerald Group Publishing. Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C. and Morgan-Thomas, A., 2015. Consumer engagement in online brand communities: a social media perspective.Journal of Product Brand Management,24(1), pp.28-42. Gifford, R. and Nilsson, A., 2014. Personal and social factors that influence pro?environmental concern and behaviour: A review.International Journal of Psychology,49(3), pp.141-157. Grunert, K.G., Hieke, S. and Wills, J., 2014. Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use.Food Policy,44, pp.177-189. Gunter, B. and Furnham, A., 2014.Consumer Profiles (RLE Consumer Behaviour): An Introduction to Psychographics(Vol. 5). Routledge. Konstantoglou, A., Kokmotos, E., Folinas, D. and Fotiadis, T.A., 2016, June. Significance of packaging elements from marketing and logistics points of view. In4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece(p. 392). Kuvykaite, R., Dovaliene, A. and Navickiene, L., 2015. Impact of package elements on consumers purchase decision.Economics and Management, (14), pp.441-447. Maniatis, P., 2016. Investigating factors influencing consumer decision-making while choosing green products.Journal of Cleaner Production,132, pp.215-228. Nikolova, H.D. and Inman, J.J., 2015. Healthy choice: the effect of simplified point-of-sale nutritional information on consumer food choice behavior.Journal of Marketing Research,52(6), pp.817-835. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Raheem, A.R., Vishnu, P. and Ahmed, A.M., 2014. Impact of product packaging on consumers buying behavior.European Journal of Scientific Research,122(2), pp.125-134. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. ST Wang, E., 2013. The influence of visual packaging design on perceived food product quality, value, and brand preference.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,41(10), pp.805-816. Stolzenbach, S., Bredie, W.L., Christensen, R.H. and Byrne, D.V., 2013. Impact of product information and repeated exposure on consumer liking, sensory perception and concept associations of local apple juice.Food research international,52(1), pp.91-98. Van Ooijen, I., Fransen, M.L., Verlegh, P.W. and Smit, E.G., 2016. Atypical food packaging affects the persuasive impact of product claims.Food Quality and Preference,48, pp.33-40. Velasco, C., Woods, A.T., Petit, O., Cheok, A.D. and Spence, C., 2016. Crossmodal correspondences between taste and shape, and their implications for product packaging: A review.Food Quality and Preference,52, pp.17-26. Vyas, H., 2015. Packaging Design Elements and Users Perception: a context in fashion branding and communication.Journal of Applied Packaging Research,7(2), p.5.

Women Circumcision an Example by

Women Circumcision Women circumcision commonly known female genital mutilation may be defined as causing injury on the genitals of a female by removing partially or fully the genitals mostly for cultural, religious or traditional reasons. Research indicate that although most females are circumcised without their consent, some out of their own volition prefer to undergo the process for sexual reasons. It is estimated that at least 2 million female circumcision procedures are carried out every year with more than 130 million females undergoing the procedure. This practice is very rampant in Africa especially in the western region. Other countries where the practice is prevalent include Mali, Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan. Egypt has however put a law in place to prohibit the practice thus making it outlawed. Need essay sample on "Women Circumcision" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Female circumcision is also prevalent in the Middle East where it is practiced in secrecy unlike in Africa where it is conducted as an open ceremony. Female circumcision is practiced across the religious divide and is therefore not limited to one or specific religions only. The major belief especially in most African countries is that female circumcision ensures a woman has an honorable life with the husband and children. Advocates of female circumcision advance various arguments justifying the practice. Students Often Tell EssayLab support: Who wants to write paper for me? Our professionals advise: Writing Essay Papers Is Easier With Us Cheap Essay Help Custom Writing Pay Someone to do Your Assignment Pay For Essay Reviews They argue that a circumcised female is able to preserve her virginity until she gets married and that will therefore prevent immoral behavior thus curbing promiscuity among women. Promiscuity is said to reduce as the clitoris, which is the determining factor to sexual satisfaction is removed. It is also argued that a female who has undergone the procedure enhances her fertility and productivity as and that her matrimonial opportunities become higher. It is also argued that female circumcision ensures sexual satisfaction among the females and that their sexual performance is increased. Scientists and doctors are still very adamant about these social benefits brought forward stating that they are unreliable, as most of them have no scientific back up. In some communities the circumcision was done as a way of maintaining cleanliness and good health among women by removing the parts that produce secretions. N some West African countries, it is believed when a child is born, they poses b oth sexes and therefore circumcision during puberty is vital to make ones sex clear. The removal of the foreskin on a males penis makes a man fully male while the removal of the clitoris makes a woman fully female. Another major reason why female circumcision is done that some people believe that the clitoris is an unattractive and unhygienic organ that must be removed. Doctors in the past encouraged the practice as a way of curbing masturbation. The doctors also stated that cases of irritation, scratching and irritability at the genitals were reduced upon circumcision. These justifications were however ungrounded and have since declined. Though there is no scientific justification, it is claimed that that female circumcision is a cure to stress, hysteria, kleptomania and lack of sanity among women. In most African an communities where traditions and cultures still dictate peoples ways of living, female circumcision is used as way of test for preservation of virginity and is considered very vital for an honorable marriage. Female circumcision is regarded so highly such that a man who marries an uncircumcised woman is not only seen as an outcast, but is also banished and faces stigmatization from fellow men and the community at large. On the other hand, women who have undergone the procedure are accorded positions of power in the religion, political and cultural areas. However, human right activists and defenders of womens rights have firmly opposed the practice as it gives a general assumption that women cannot exercise self-control over their bodies thus the necessity to remove clitoris. It also limits the womens rights to enjoy the sexual activity with whomever they choose. Some communities even believe tat female circumcision enhances a womans looks making her look more beautiful and admirable. The argument is that since the foreskin in a male is removed for aeshetis reasons, so should the clitoris, which is considered the counterpart of penis. The males are also said to enjoy sexual activity if they engage themselves with circumcised women. However most of these arguments are unfounded, as they have no scientific or medical back and support. Female circumcision among the Muslims can be traced back during the life of Muhammad. It was only practiced by a small sect of Muslims, as majority believed that the practice was banned as it caused grievous bodily harm and damage to the bodies, minds and their general health. However the practice is considered religious among the sahih Muslims as it is supported by the hadith (349) where the prophet mention s that upon the meeting of the two circumcised parts then sex results. Muslim scholars however unanimously agree that circumcision is for men only. At one point it was stated by a Dean in Al-Azhar University that female circumcision is a crime and should not be associated with the Islamic religion. Religious leaders across the region have been at the forefront to oppose the practice as one that has no religious connection although some religious leaders prefer to handle it as more of a medical issue than religious. In the Jewish religion, female circumcision was completely outlawed and is in fact not given a mention in any text if religion. This was so because of the strong belief that a persons body does not belong them but is Gods and any modification done especially permanent amounts to destruction of Gods property. They however recognize male circumcision. In communities where female circumcision is practiced, it is mainly done between the ages 4 to 8 though it can even take place from infancy to puberty age. In some societies it is carried out during a womans first pregnancy. The most unfortunate thing I most cases is that those who carry out the circumcision procedure are non professionals with no medical back ground and therefore put the life of the woman at a very great risk. Banning the practice has greatly reduced the practice and especially to those who carry out the procedure without anesthetics which is very risky. It can result to shock because of the severe pain. This may then have long term effects like infertility. Other severe consequences of the procedure include infections of the urinary and the reproductive tracts. This results from blockage of urine and menstrual flow leading to infertility. Engaging in sex for the first time becomes severely painful as the labia majora has to be cut open to allow the male penetrate the vagina. The opening, which is done with a knife by, the husband who has no medical knowledge and background may lead to very serious complications. Research conducted back in 2006 by World Health Organization in some African countries including Sudan, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Nigeria and Ghana highly discredit genital cutting of whichever kind terming it unsafe. It is also a fact that most women who have undergone the circumcision stand a risk of loosing their babies during delivery. Egypt in June 2007 outlawed and banned completely this practice when a 12-year-old girl died soon after going through the procedure. Studies indicate that what determines if a woman will achieve sexual satisfaction after going through the procedure is the state of mind at the time of the procedure. If she goes through the circumcision voluntarily she will still have sexual satisfaction but if she is forced and feels traumatized after the procedure orgasm frequency goes down. Although various laws have been put in place to stop this procedure many societies and cultural groups still engage in the practice. Recent studies indicate that women who have undergone the circumcision procedure always find it difficult to achieve optimum sexual satisfaction. Another major complication that a circumcised woman suffers is the loss of blood and in most cases the loss is usually excessive leading to other problems like anemia due to excessive blood loss. The worst complication if the situation goes out of hand is death, which apparently is usually the fate of most females who undergo the procedure. Female circumcision also creates a major avenue through which HIV can be transmitted. It is also interesting to note that this practice is quickly spreading in the west so that there female circumcision in the United States. This is as a result of migration where Africans settle in the US and continuer to practice their diversified cultures and traditions. The practice of female genital mutilation is considered as a way of violation of human rights as o it not only lowers a womans dignity but also reduces a womans self worth making her feel inferior and subordinate. It is viewed as a mens way of looking down on women. Many countries are quickly coming to the rescue and defense of their women and are quickly enacting laws to protect the rights of the women. A law that was recently passed states that it is a crime to carry out female genital mutilation on a female below the age of eighteen unless the procedure is of utmost necessity to protect the life of the female. The age is of importance because a female of eighteen years and above is considered legally capable of making sound decisions and if she goes through the procedure at that age it will only be through her consent as an adult. Violation of this law attracts a jail tem of not less than five years or a fine or both. However, an exception to this law again is if the practice is being carried out as a traditional or cultural rite. In the past, nobody seemed to take the issue of female genital mutilation seriously. Women suffered in silence, as there was nobody to listen to their grievances. This was specially so in Africa. However, governments of various countries and the international community at large have come out strongly in condemnation of the practice terming it outdated and barbaric. Despite protests by various humanitarian groups over the practice the female circumcision is still very prevalent in many countries allover the world. Objects used to carry out this procedure include kitchen knives, pieces of glass and old razor blades thereby posing a great danger to the womans health. In some case there is sewing up of the wound until only a small opening remains. This in itself is a very painful and traumatizing experience, which is unnecessarily subjected to women. Equally the continued practice of this barbaric procedure has raised the infant mortality rate. Statistics indi9cate that the number of children who have died below the age of five is very and at least 80% die from female circumcision related cases. Doctors have also given conformed reports that circu mcised women always have difficulties having birth in the normal way and in most cases have to result to caesarean which in most cases is normally unsuccessful and the woman just succumbs. Some communities, still holding to their culture and traditions have now stopped circumcising their women at home and they are instead taking them to medical professionals to carry out the procedure. However, World Health Organization together with other humanitarian organizations still believe that female circumcision is a torture of a kind to the woman despite of the fact that it is carried out by a professional and therefore are of the opinion that it should be abolished completely. In conclusion therefore, it is important to state clearly that female circumcision or female genital mutilation is a dangerous practice and that every measure ought to be taken to ensure that the practice is brought to an end and that this happens without further delay to ensure the safety of the female gender. Works Cited Arnfred Signe. Rethinking Sexualities In Africa. Nordic Africa Institute, 2004 Abusharaf Rogaia M. Female Circumcision. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006 Duncan Bettina S, Ylva Hernlund. Female Circumcision in Africa, Lynne Rienner Publishers 2002 Egbo Benedicta. Gender, Literacy and Life Chances in Sub-Saharan. Multilingual Matters, 2000 Hernlund Ylva, Bettina Duncan S. Transcultural Bodies. Rutgers University Press, 2007 Lieu Judith. Neither Jew nor Greek. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 Nnaemeka Obioma. Female Circumcision and The Politics of Knowledge. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005 Packer Corinne A. Using Human Rights To Change Traditions. Intersentia NV, 2004

Article VIII What does it really mean essays

Article VIII What does it really mean essays Article VIII: What Does It Really Mean? required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment Excessive bail was borrowed with a few slight changes from the English Bill of Rights Act. The concept of bail in both England and in the United States was never thought as right to bail in all cases, but to provide that bail would not be excessive in cases where it is considered legitimate to set bail. The definition of Bail, as according to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, property given as surety that a person released from custody will return custody will return at an appointed time. The concept of bail was first created by the Statute of Westminster the First of 1275 A.D., which created a detailed list of certain offenses that were bailable and those that were not. Because judges were permitted to imprison people with or without bail, the Petition of Right was enacted in 1628 A.D. Due to various frauds of petitions for habeas corpus which could not be presented the English Parliament enacted the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 A.D., which established procedures for the release of prisoners from prison and created penalties for judges who did not comply with the Act. As a result of this, the judges then set bail so high, that it could not be met. With this Parliament responded by including in the Bill of Rights of 1689 A.D. a provision that excessive bail shoul d not be required. In America excessive fines were given meaning during the early part of the twentieth century. In an early case, the Supreme Court held that it had no authority to revise the sentence of an inferior court, despite the fact that the excessiveness of the fines were quite apparent on the face of the records. With the inability to pay, the poor were then sentenced to jail and thus giving meaning to the term ''excessive fines'' as it applied to the person sentenced. During the time the Eighth Amendment was adopt...

Customer Service Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Confidentiality as a Nurse - Essay Example However, these cannot be considered as separate entities as confidentiality is interlinked with privacy and trust and most of the time means that the information should be kept a secret from others (Butts & Rich, 2005). Breach of confidentiality in the nursing practice leads to an encounter with ethical dilemmas, however, different circumstances call for unique decisions. The code of ethics includes confidentiality as an important and significant part of the nursing practice to ensure a trustworthy and open relationship between the clinician and the patient. The ANA Code for the Nurses states: â€Å"Associated with the right to privacy, the nurses have a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information.† The ANA Code for Nurses also states: â€Å"The patient’s well-being could be jeopardized and the fundamental trust between patient and nurse destroyed by unnecessary access to data or by the inappropriate disclosure of identifiable patient information† (Benjamin & Curtis, 2010). These principles of confidentially and respect to other people’s information establish the confidential nature of the communication between the patient and the nurse and the duty of the nurse to maintain the trust and privacy. If a nurse shares information about the patient during her nursing practice, she not only creates breach in confidentiality but also fails to respect the patient. Nevertheless, the nurses are encountered with a plethora of circumstances which place them in a dilemma about whether to preserve the confidential relationship or disclose the information for the patient’s benefit. An ethical case presented by Pamela G. Nathanson discusses the case of nurse Carol Hathaway where she promises her two young patients to keep their information a secret and will not disclose the patient’s information to the parent’s or any other person. The sole reason of her act was because the adolescents were reluctant to enter int o care thus she ensured them of privacy and secrecy. The two girls were suspecting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and one of the girls is diagnosed with human papillomavirus and later she also tests positive for cervical cancer. The girls had been a part of various â€Å"sex parties† with multiple partners which led to the current circumstances and, therefore, are reluctant in telling their parents. This is an ethical dilemma for the nurse Hathaway as she is obligated to keep the information a secret. However, she is advised by the physician to report the parents as the treatment for the cancer requires parental consent as well as their support for the adolescent girl. Moreover, the physician also advised the nurse that the school authorities should be informed of the girl’s condition so that action could be taken about the sexual activities prevalent among the students (Nathanson, 2000). The case represents a complicated situation faced by the nurse where ethics of confidentiality have to be questioned or compromised for a better good. Confidentiality specifically in cases of adolescent or young patients is an important subject as most of them are hesitant or reluctant to share their information, fearing disclosure of their condition to friends, family or social circle. In such circumstances, the nurses have to gain the trust of the patients and show

Assessment of the factors influencing profitability within refractive Dissertation

Assessment of the factors influencing profitability within refractive clinics and recommendations for best practice management - Dissertation Example The purpose of this study is to describe the factors that affect profitability within refractive clinics and to examine the relationship between these factors and best practice in refractive care. The study is done in two settings the first being an online platform with 40 participants (n=40) and the second being closed door, eight interview sessions involving 28 participants (n=28) at two private clinics in north one in Turin and the other in Milan. The study was qualitative in nature, and it utilized a survey method to collect the necessary data. The survey involved the use of instruments such as online questionnaires and semistructured interview questions. Online questionnaires were prepared with the help of SurveyMonkey, and sent to the 40 participants who were refractive care patients identified from clinical databases. The questionnaires were designed in line with the research objectives. Overall, questionnaires were chosen as they heightened the validity and reliability of the research through the collection of quantitative, objective data. Semi structured interviews were chosen in order to gain context and detail. They were conducted under 8 sessions at the two private clinics that were used for the study. The results for both surveys were centrally analyzed in regards to the findings in the literature review. The findings for the online survey revealed that the participants strongly consider two key factors when making their choice attend refractive clinics. These factors include management, where they showed strong consideration for private clinics. The other factor was technology superiority whereby they would first assess the clinics and later consider the one with better technology. For the interview sessions, the results indicated that the top five factors of importance were as following. Technological Superiority, friendly and professional staff, trust in the service, organisational culture, and personal and individual service in the order of sup eriority starting with most important. To conclude the research reflects upon the importance of a consideration of organisational factors in order to enhance profitability. Moving away from a sole financial perspective, this research has promoted the importance of a patient centric approach and the use of relationships to build perceptions and expectations of quality of care. Table of Contents Table of Contents 4 Chapter One: Introduction 6 Chapter Two: Background and Literature Review 10 2.1.2 Refractive Surgery 12 2.1.3 Alternative technologies 12 2.2 Background on Profitability in Refractive Care 14 2.2.2 Patient Economics 16 2.2.3 Prospective Patient Demographics 17 2.2.4 The Refractive Surgery Patient Pool 21 2.2.5 Procedure Pricing 24 2.2.6 Relationships between Demand and Economic Conditions 25 2.2.7 Penetration Rates and Available Market 25 2.2.8 Refractive Surgery Centers Concentrated in Metro Areas 26 2.2.9 Competition 27 2.2.10 Michael Porter 5 forces analysis on refracti ve market 28 2.3 Motivations for refractive surgery 30 2.4 Marketing perspectives: experiential marketing 30 2.5 Satisfaction in the healthcare sector 31 2.6 Organisational Culture 33 2.7 Leadership 34 2.8 Organisational capabilities 35 2.9 Current research and summary 36 Chapter Three: Methodology 37 3.1 Research Methodology and Design 37 3.2 Research Philosophy 38 3.3 Research Ethics 38 3.3.1 Human Rights Protection 39 3.4 Sample Size 39 3.4.1 Sample Recruitment 40 3.5 The setting 41 3.6 Data Collection 42 3.7 Instruments 42 3.7.1 Questionnaires 42 3.7.2 Semi Structured Interviews 43 3.8 Data Analysis Plan 44 3.9 Assumptions 45 3.10 Methodology Summary 45 Chapter Four: The Results 47 4.1 Sample 47 4.2 Survey Results 48 4.2.1 Results from the