Built Enivornments and Obesity in Poor Neighborhoods - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1757 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: My Neighborhood Essay Did you like this example? America is one of the â€Å"wealthiest countries in the world and accordingly has high obesity rates† (Levin 2667). One-third of the American population is affected by obesity (Levine 2667; Gray et al. 2; Xu and Wang 19). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Built Enivornments and Obesity in Poor Neighborhoods" essay for you Create order In addition, obesity rates are higher among the residents from low-income communities (Lovasi et al 7; Perdue 821). Obesity prevalence rates in the U.S. vary a great deal across states, which range from â€Å"21.3% in Colorado to 35.1% in Mississippi and West Virginia in 2013† (Xu and Wang 19). Obesity is â€Å"a major risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, stroke, depression, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and some cancers† (Xu and Wang 19). Moreover, Rahman et al. note, â€Å"Obesity is predicted to shorten life expectancy of the average American 2 to 5 years† (50). Take the case of Mississippi, which is one of the poorest and most obese states in America. Accordingly, NPR reports that with obesity rate of 42%, the average life expectancy for men in Holmes County, Mississippi is 65 years (Tackling Obesity Amid Poverty In A Mississippi County 00:00:01- 00:00:21). Thus, obesity is a precursor of different chronic illnesses that leads to decreased human life expec tancy. The increasing number of obese people in poor neighborhoods is linked to the unfavorable conditions of built environment, which is understood as â€Å"human-made resources and infrastructure designed to support human activity, such as buildings, roads, parks, restaurants, grocery stores and another amenities as compared with natural environment† (Xu and Wang 19). Hence, built environments have significant effects on resident’s health based on the available resources in their surroundings. In similar fashion, Rahman et al. reveal, â€Å"Lower-socioeconomic status neighborhoods are at higher risk [of becoming obese], as these communities often have limited access to recreational facilities and food stores with healthful, affordable options† (51). Built environments encourage ‘obesogenic’ or obesity-generating behaviors among residents in poor neighborhoods; therefore, the government could help alleviate the problems of increasing number of obes e people in poor neighborhoods. Food Deserts and Obesity Bader et al. remark, â€Å"Food deserts, or neighborhood environment with limited access to healthy and affordable food, are believed to contribute to poor diets and to elevated prevalence of obesity . . .† (411). Thus, food desert conditions that limit access to healthy and affordable food and give options of cheap yet unhealthy food contribute to growing obesity rates in poor neighborhoods. According to Sallis and Glanz, â€Å"fast-food restaurants in particular have identified as a potential contributor to a higher prevalence of obesity† (135). In addition, Rahman et al. emphasize, â€Å"A high density of fast-food restaurants, convenience stores, and bars, along with concentrated media marketing, all promote unhealthful food choices and hinder good nutrition† (51). Similarly, Xu and Wang add, â€Å"An individual with a high level of consumption of fast foods and sugar-sweetened beverages . . . has a high risk of obesity† (19). Thus, the congestion of f ast food restaurants in poor neighborhoods encourage the residents to purchase and consume fast foods which are known to be ‘more’ affordable yet have low or no nutritional value. Even more, Lovasi et al. reveal, â€Å"Poor neighborhoods had less access to supermarkets but more access to small grocery and convenience stores. Compared with supermarkets, small grocery stores and convenience stores may have produce that is poorer in quality and more expensive† (9). In the same way, Perdue argues, â€Å"In the United States, small grocery stores and convenience stores tend not to stock much selection of healthier foods† (823). Likewise, Bader et al. add, â€Å"Access to convenience stores†¦ is associated with a poorer diet and poorer weight status† (411). Furthermore, Sallis and Glanz argue, â€Å"Low-income and racial or ethnic minority communities usually have less access to supermarkets and a greater concentration of fast-food restaurants, and the quality of goods offered tends to be worse in these neighborhoods† (139). Consequently, the presence of fast-food restaurants and convenience stores in poor neighborhoods constrain the residents’ ability to access healthy food. Aside from less access to affordable healthy food, Debbie Elliot of NPR News, reports, â€Å"Its still cheaper to pick up a can of processed corn than to buy four ears of fresh picked† (Tackling Obesity Amid Poverty In A Mississippi County 00:05:15- 00:05:21). In the same way, there are several pantries that seek to support the low-income residents in filling in the gap of food access among poor residents. For example, in New Brunswick, Five Loaves of Pantry serves clients with food options ranging from frozen meat, processed meat, ready-to-eat food, canned goods, chips to some crops and produce like potatoes and bananas. Although the pantry provides food for free, the nutritional value is not guaranteed. In other words, not only the presence of more fast food restaurants and local grocery stores and convenience stores restrict residents from poor neighborhoods to access healthy food, but also the limited income of the residents and the variety of unhealthy food that is freely provided by community pantries. Physical Inactivity and Obesity Aside from inaccessibility of healthy food, another factor that contributes to the growing number of obese people in poor neighborhoods is physical inability. Xu and Wang define physical inability as â€Å"no leisure-time physical activity or exercise† (20). There are two major causes of physical inability among people in poor communities. First, there is less access to recreational infrastructures and exercise facilities that hinders physical activities among residents. â€Å"In one study of rural residents, the perception of a lack of place to be physically active was associated with being obese and inactive, and this association was stronger among lower-income participants† (Lovasi et al. 9). Accordingly, Lovasi et al. points out that lacking access to physical activity outside the home such as neighborhood streets, walking or biking trails, parks, or exercise facilities such as gymnasiums or pools, may discourage physical activity and promote obesity (9). Furthermor e, as the most common physical activity in the United States, walking frequently occurs along neighborhood streets, making streets and sidewalks as important venues for physical activity (Lovasi et al. 9). However, Rahman et al. observe, â€Å"Communities that have low-density development patterns, poor street connectivity, and a lack of destinations within safe walking distance adversely impact health behaviors, which in turn contributes to obesity and other chronic illnesses† (52). Not only the less access to recreational and exercise facilities, but also crime and safety-related perceptions discourage physical activities among residents. In Perdue’s view, â€Å"crime and perceptions of crimes are affected by features such as abandoned buildings, vacant lots and poor lighting, and may be significant deterrents to outdoor activity such as walking or using parks or playground† (824). Thus, the presence of these vacant lots and buildings as well as poor street lighting discourage residents to engage in physical activity such as walking or playing in the parks. Moreover, Bader et al. conclude, â€Å"There is a some evidence that fear of crime and other safety-related concerns discourage people from neighborhood walking or other forms of outdoor physical activity† (411). For example, Lovasi et al. specify, â€Å"Perceived safety from crime has been associated with physical activity for African-American women in Chicago, Illinois† (16). T herefore, in Chicago, Illinois, which also has a high rate of obesity, African-American women consider the lack ofcrime safety as a cause of not walking or doing exercise out-of-door. Similarly, Xu and Wang add, â€Å"More anxiety about neighborhood safety may deter physical activity and help explain a higher obesity rate in inner city areas† (20). Thus, the anxiety caused by the perception of crime prevents the residents to engage in physical activity. As a result of physical inactivity, the residents become obese or more obese. Thus, crime and even the fear that crime can happen discourage residents in poor neighborhoods to go out of their house to engage in outdoor physical activity and exercises. Current Solution Currently, there are government efforts to help alleviate the health problems such as obesity in poor neighborhoods. Undoubtedly, Sallis and Glanz mention that â€Å"policies are the primary mechanism for making environmental changes and include formal and informal rules, laws, and regulations. Both government and industry policies control food environments. Policies pertaining to parks and recreation, education, transportation, and planning departments in governments at multiple levels have direct responsibility for physical activity environments† (125). Therefore, government intervention includes policies, rules and regulations that seek to address the problem in healthy food access and â€Å"in order for people to be more active and have healthier diets, they need access to safe places for recreation, neighborhoods that are walkable, and local markets that offer healthful, affordable food† (Rahman et al. 55). Thus, the government make policies to control food environ ment and increase the access to safe places that are conducive to physical activity among residents in poor neighborhoods. For example, in California, in order to give low-income residents access to healthy foods, the Food Policy Task Force endorsed the creation of a regional food system (Rahman et al. 52). Similarly, restaurants in New York and Seattle provide calorie, fat and other nutritional information on menus (Sallis and Glanz 137). Lastly, despite being not so popular in the poor neighborhoods, there are efforts to conduct community-based education for preventive measures to promote health and wellness (Rahman et al. 50). Despite these policy interventions, Lovasi et al. stress that strategies for behavior change should be considered in line with modifying the built environment and implementing policy interventions (16). Therefore, there are several efforts to modify the built environment in poor neighborhoods in order to promote physical activity and reduce the residentsâ €™ access to unhealthy food. In conclusion, obesity is one of the problems that is prevalent in poor neighborhoods. The number of obese people in poor neighborhoods is growing. Evidently, two major reasons contribute to this problem—lack of opportunities to access healthy and affordable food and the presence of barriers to physical activity. The prevalence of small grocery stores, convenience stores and fast food restaurants encourage low-income people to purchase and eat unhealthy food with high calories and fat. Consequently, unhealthy food consumption leads to excess weight. The low physical activity of residents in poor neighborhood is due to the lack of access to safe recreational facilities. Additionally, because of the high crime rates, people are discouraged to go out of their houses in fear of being exposed and victimized by crime-related activities. As a result, this physical inactivity leads to gaining more weight. Although there are government efforts and policies to modify the built environme nt, it is argued that these changes should be considered in the context of strategies of changing behavior. There is a need to make aggressive efforts to slow down this health epidemic that affects the poor neighborhoods. Therefore, strategies such as preventive programs that promote health and wellness should be encouraged in the poor neighborhoods, as the existing policies to change the built environment are being implemented.

The Effects Of Concussions On The Brain - 1698 Words

Introduction: A concussion is a mild form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a sudden or violent blow, bump, or jolt to the head. Concussions can also occur from a fall or a blow to the body that causes the head to move rapidly back and forth. These types of sudden or violent impacts make the brain accelerate inside of the skull, in movements called coups and contrecoups. These movements lead to the brain striking the front and back of the skull, damaging the delicate and vital organ. The Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of medical works from ancient Greece, is the first written work to mention concussions, and it discusses loss of functions such as speech, hearing and sight that can result from commotion of the brain2. The idea of a disruption of mental functions by a shaking of the brain remained the accepted understanding of concussions until the 19th century. The Persian physician Muhammad ibn ZakarÄ «ya RÄ zi was the first person to use the term cerebral concussion in the 10th centu ry A.D., and his definition of concussions as a transient loss of function with no physical damage, paved the way for the medical understanding of the condition for centuries. Since then we have come a long way in our understanding of concussions, and since concussions are common injuries, a lot is known about how they occur, and what their effects are upon the human body. According to the CDC, 1.6 million to 3.8 million concussions occur each year in the United States and 5-10% ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Concussions On The Brain1164 Words   |  5 Pages[ABSTRACT] Concussions are complex cerebral injuries that result in a series of metabolic events within the brain. The changes are seen in the fragile neuronal homeostatic balances where changes in the elevations of glutamate and potassium have been identified. 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A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that causes swelling of the brain s soft tissue and disrupts normal brain function (Concussion). A concussion has potential to impact memory and coordination for the rest of the athlete s life along with lead to other, more serious, brain injuries. In order for athletes to reduce the effects from concussions, they need to be educated on the symptoms, ways to avoid the injury, and the possible lifelong effects. ForRead MoreThe Rush Under Those Friday Night Lights1426 Words   |  6 Pageswere the symptoms of a concussion. I should not have stayed in the game. This is why there should be more precautions taken to prevent concussions in sports. These include properly informing athletes and coaches about concussions and making other small adjustments such as limited contact in practice and stricter rules during the game. A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head, fall, or any other sudden movement that shakes or jars the brain inside of the skull (HealthwiseRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussion On Young Athletes1748 Words   |  7 PagesConcussion in Young Athletes Tennessee State University Kenji Anderson Introduction When youth participate in sports, they are at risk for multiple types of injuries. One of the most common and dangerous sports-related injuries is concussions. Although concussions are one of the most visible sports injuries, it is often hard to diagnose. Symptoms of a concussion can be vague and uncertain, which can inevitably lead to more harm to an athlete. Athletes who play with concussionsRead MoreEssay about Concussions Around The World685 Words   |  3 PagesConcussions are a rising issue in the daily life of many athletes in the sports of hockey, soccer, football, and skateboarding. Every 21 seconds, someone in this country encounters a brain injury. Concussions are brain injuries caused by jolts or hard hits around the head. When the tissue of the brain slams against the strong, thick skull in your head, a concussion is very common. This leads to either swelling of the brain, â€Å"torn blood vessels, or injury to the nerves.† (Haas) Eventually, the result

Lord of the Flies Intelligence and Good vs. Evil Free Essays

Good versus evil is a common concept used often in storytelling, writing, plays, movies, etc. the basic story line is commonly used and developed to mold different ideals, meanings, and lessons into different types of works. William Golding’s novel the Lord of the Flies falls into this category of works with the good versus evil story line. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies: Intelligence and Good vs. Evil or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boiling the novel down to its most basic state it is a story of a group of boys. They all start out in a state of innocence, then as they adjust to their new surroundings after being stranded on a deserted island with no adults; they chose whether or not they turn from their innocence. When the boys turn from their innocence they go from being good to evil, or as the interpretation of this novel is commonly perceived the boys go from being civilized boys to savages. It is in this sense that civilized and good can be used interchangeably for this interpretation, and the same for evil and savagery. Golding puts an interesting twist to this basic plot right in the beginning of the story. Golding takes the story from just a simple tale of good versus evil to good versus evil with competing ideas of intelligence. Right in the beginning of the novel we see these ideas of intelligence take form. As the story builds the differences in the types of intelligence grows and becomes more distinct. From there the competition of good versus evil begins. After their plane crashes the boys who were on the plane to escape the warfare in England are scattered on the island. Ralph, the first boy we are introduced to meets another boy named Piggy. â€Å"It’s a shell! I seen one like that before. On someone’s back wall. A conch he called it. He used to blow it and then his mum would come. It’s ever so valuable-â€Å"(15). With Piggy’s help Ralph uses the conch they found to call out to the other boys on the island. This is the first hint at the two types of intelligence. Piggy is already exhibiting signs of natural intelligence. This type of intelligence is developed based on the sensory analysis of the surroundings. This intelligence is more advanced and enables Piggy to think in more civilized, advanced ways. He is immediately made fun of for his appearance and as the story progresses is mocked as a know-it-all. No one listens to Piggy, even though the conch and the meeting were his ideas no one realizes this, nor do they care. Once all the boys are gathered together there is a vote on who should be chief. A boy named Jack is introduced as the leader of the choir boys and he wants to be chief, but when put to a vote Ralph is elected. Ralph does give the choir to Jack and asks what they would like to be. Jack tells Ralph that he and his choir shall be the hunters. Ralph depicts more social intelligence. Ralph knows how to work a crowd, how to lead a group, and how to gain respect. â€Å"Everybody must stay round here and wait and not go away. Three of us- if we take more we’d get all mixed, and lose each other- three of us will go on an expedition and find out† (23-24). This act showed that Ralph was able to get the attention of the boys at any time and that the boys would actually listen to him. His ability to be able to accomplish this as quickly as he did really shows his true social intelligence. â€Å"If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire† (38). Ralph does show some natural intelligence as well, but not nearly as much as Piggy exhibits. Jack also shows a form of social intelligence. He is able to keep command over his choir and they listen to him no matter what. This shows that in the beginning of the story even though the boys are all different, have different types of intelligence, and have mixed feelings about the situation they are still united together as a whole. â€Å"All day I’ve been working with Simon. No one else. They’re off bathing, or eating, or playing† (50). The boys begin to slack and begin to realize that there aren’t consequences or punishments for the wrongs they do. Jack and his group of hunters become obsessed with the idea of killing a pig, and are the only ones exempt from helping build shelters, though the other boys don’t really care enough about their orders to help build or gather food. It’s at this point in the novel where there are serious signs of cracks and issues with the order system the boys have put in place since being on the island. Jack is beginning to slip into a more savage state, and is using his social intelligence to bring other boys down with him. The improvised form of society that the boys have created is already starting to weaken and fall. Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood† (69). â€Å"Look! We’ve killed a pig-we stole up on them-we got into a circle-â€Å"(69). It is at this point in the novel where the group of hunters, the boys who killed the pig, have turned from innocence. The kill they had obsessed over finally happened and they were proud of themselves for killing. The a ct of killing a living creature, something they never had done before, was the true turning point for them. There was no turning back from it; the hunters even painted their faces, this sense of wearing a mask, pretending to be someone else enabled them to kill. ‘But they’ll be painted! You know how it is. ’ Eric says. The others nodded. They understood only too well the liberation into savagery that the concealing paint brought. ‘Well, we won’t be painted,’ said Ralph, ‘because we aren’t savages’† (Golding 172). Ralph is starting to understand that Jack and the group of boys who follow him are starting to turn to a more evil state. Ralph still tries to use his social intelligence and command over his boys so they don’t go over to Jack’s side. Within Jack’s group the obsession with hunting caused the boys to let the fire go out, and subsequently lose a chance at rescue. The hunters didn’t really seem to care about the fire; they were still overly hyped up about their kill, swearing that they would hunt again and bring back even more meat. As the boys become more and more content with letting go with the rules they get closer and closer to losing their sense of civilization completely. â€Å"‘If I blow the conch and they don’t come back; then we’ve had it. We shan’t keep the fire going. We’ll be like animals. We’ll never be rescued. ’â€Å" (Golding 92). As the boys start to fulfill their own wishes of hunting and playing they get sick of listening to Ralph and being controlled by the conch. They don’t want to do work; they just want to have fun. Jack rebels against Ralph and makes his own â€Å"tribe,† where he could be the leader and he would no longer be controlled by the conch. Evil starts to arise rapidly; the majority of the older boys side with Jack and abandon Ralph’s authority. After that Piggy, Sam and Eric are the older boys who remain with Ralph. As the night wears on, some of the â€Å"littleuns† sneak off to join Jack. This is truly the end of their makeshift society, it has completely failed. After the split of the group it appeared as though things could settle down, but Ralph and his boys find that it is nearly impossible to keep the rescue fire going. They need to ask the others for help but Jack’s boys are too afraid to help them. Jack had taken to using torturous and intimidation methods to keep control over his group. He wears a mask, like he did when he killed the first pig; this seems to allow Jack to give in completely to his â€Å"evil† savage side. It was while celebrating their savageness and reenacting the kill that they got carried away and got themselves overly worked up. The beast struggled forward, broke the ring and fell over the steep edge of the rock to the sand by the water. At once the crowd surged after it poured down the rock, leapt on to the beast, screamed struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws† (Golding 153). The wickedness in all of the boys deludes them into mistaking Sim on, the only truly â€Å"good† pure boy, as the beastie. Simon was considered to be the â€Å"pure† boy, the epitome of civilization and innocence. Jack and the other boys had completely given themselves over to their evil sides, giving in to their natural instincts and savagery. Social Intelligence and natural intelligence are both qualities that help a person to be successful in life. However, overall, society puts greater worth in social intelligence. The abilities to work with others, lead and motivate others, and inspire others make a person successful in life. Just like good and evil, social and natural intelligence go hand in hand. One is not greater than the other, but like people believe good is better, people put more stock in social intelligence. In Lord of the Flies the boys put their trust in Ralph, but as time goes on, and rules begin to be broken, the less control Ralph seems to have. Social intelligence will only go so far, it can’t be natural instincts. Natural instincts are hidden behind the rules and expectations of society. When they begin to dwindle and those instincts become more prominent, that natural intelligence becomes important, it can be the intelligence or lack thereof that can make or break a situation. Without one, evil or good, natural intelligence or social intelligence, the other is not really known. Without evil how would we know what good is? If everyone was socially intelligent how would we know what natural intelligence is? The answer is we wouldn’t have a way of knowing. A person cannot know one without knowing of the other. Intelligence and good and evil all work together, as seen in Golding’s novel. Jack possessed the same kind of social intelligence as Ralph, but when he gave in to evil his social intelligence the power it gave him over the other boys allowed Jack to change the atmosphere of the island and turn the boys away from goodness and civilization. Piggy had natural intelligence but because he lacked any real social intelligence he was shunned, mocked, and in the end killed for this. He came off as a know-it-all and a whiner; this annoyed the other boys and eventually led to his demise. The boys didn’t put any stock in natural intelligence; they put all their stock in social intelligence and natural instinct. Ralph, with Piggy’s help, was able to remain civilized and good. Though he lost his hold on the boys he still had his social intelligence, and even some natural intelligence of his own to rely on. When Ralph was in charge his positive outlook affected the boys as well, they were positive because he was positive. The struggle between good and evil does not just affect the person who’s battling it within themselves, it also affects those around them, and subsequently can change them too. ? How to cite Lord of the Flies: Intelligence and Good vs. Evil, Papers

Effect of Product Packaging in Consumer Buying Decision

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Product Packaging in Consumer Buying Decision. Answer: Introduction Product packaging process has become one sales promotion tools that determines the consumers buying behaviour. The literature study will provide the insightful ideas about the necessary factors that drive a brand towards success. According to Raheem, Vishnu and Ahmed (2014), packaging process is considered as the maintenance of the whole package that becomes the ultimate selling proposition. It helps in stimulating the impulsive purchasing behaviour as well. The effective packaging process increases the market share and sales ratio by reducing the promotional and market costs. Kuvykaite, Dovaliene and Navickiene (2015) implied that the consumers usually attracted towards the appealing features of the product packaging. It is one of the most beneficial strategies to increase the brand image and stimulating the consumers perception regarding any particular product. The packaging process includes many factors that are instigating the customers to determine their purchasing decision. The literature review study will concentrate on these factors to reflect on the effectiveness of product packaging process. Concept of Product Packaging According to Velasco et al. (2016), the definition of packaging system may range from simple to complex functionalities. It is generally focusing on the holistic and more extensive interpretations. The packaging process of the product is often conceptualized as the method of establishing the extrinsic value of the goods. Stolzenbach et al. (2013) implied that the process usually involves different activities that represents the final attribute of the product. However, the product packaging is the container of the product to be covered with the proper colour, labeling, and shaping processes. The colours used in the product packaging system are often drawing the attention of the consumers. ST Wang (2013) opined that it is necessary to determine the colour of packaging because it helps in differentiating the product from the other competitors products. Hence, it can be stated that colours play a suggestive role in ensuring the decision-making process of the consumers. Elements of Product Packaging: Product Colour, Label, Materials The companies often pay attention towards the colour combination for emphasizing the different mood. For example, red colour is used for trust, black colour is used for power, green for organic or balance and keeping the nature of fresh. It is an essential component for making the purchasing decision (Gifford and Nilsson 2014). Consumers usually prefer the certain colour at per their own preferences. They are sometimes inclined towards purchasing the specific colour of the products that symbolizes the religion or culture. According to Van Ooijen et al. (2016), product packaging process is associated with four distinct marketing functions. First, it helps in containing and protecting the actual product. The second function of the packaging process is to promote the brand of the products to the potential customers in the market. Third aspect is ensuring the products are usable to the consumers. The final aspect determines that the products are protected from the environmental damages. Therefore, it can be implied that product-packaging process is more about only protecting the products, but it helps in developing the image of the brand to the potential customers. Therefore, if the company fails to pay attention towards the design of the product package, it may decrease the chances of ensuring visibility and attractiveness (Konstantoglou et al. 2016). It is one of the most fruitful methods of increasing the sales ratio. Product labeling is another most attractive feature of product packaging. The effective product labeling is providing the adequate information related to the product ingredient, product category, and the product instructions. The labeling helps the consumers to decide whether they can buy the products or not. The products are not only guided by the taste, it also guided by some of the recognizable and extrinsic factors, such as price, labeling, origin, and brand awareness (Vyas 2015). Consumers always feel pressure to make the purchasing decision by judging the products with these categories. When the product packaging informs the customers about these specifications, it becomes easier to the customers to decide which product and brand is to be selected. Maniatis (2016) explained that the product labeling is one of the most helpful procedures for the customers to decide which of the products is to be purchased and it will take even lesser time to decide. In current time, it has been observed that the consumers are much cautious about the health and nutritious issues (Nikolova and Inman 2015). The information provided in the label is thus necessary for the customers to become sure about the right choice. The materials used for the product packaging is considered as much important element since it prevents the products from the loss or any damage. It is noticed that the consumers are more likely to prefer the high quality products than the low quality products. Hence, it can be inferred that the packaging materials have the clear and impressive impacts on the consumers purchase decision (Grunert, Hieke and Wills 2014). The consumers often use the packaging material for extracting the essential values of the products. Moreover, it changes the perception of the product quality if the material of the product packaging is of high quality. The product packaging is the final point of influencing the decision of the customers related to the product purchase whereas the marketing messaging is influenced by the advertisements (Dessart, Veloutsou and Morgan-Thomas 2015). The product packaging creates the clear linking between the brand specifications and the purchasing behaviour of the consumer s. It is thus considered as the one of the most fruitful process of establishing the interaction between the brands and the consumers. Another major element is product innovation. The current sophistication in the market has been frequently changing the demands of thee customers. However, it is notified that the customers are much attracted towards the innovative product packaging process. The innovative shape and features added to the product packaging will signify the brand of the product. Accoridngly, it will be much demanding to the potential customers. Concept of Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is the set of activities that determines the experience of the consumers in searching the expected prospects. These prospects usually include the selection, evaluation, purchasing process, and searching for the right products. These behaviours usually influence the customers to judge the available products and services (Case and Given 2016). If these products and services are fulfilling the needs of demands of the customers, it will be effective enough in making a quick decision regarding the purchase of any product. On the other hand, Gunter and Furnham (2014) defined that the consumer behaviour is the perceptions of the customers regarding any particular product feature that satisfies the needs and demands. It is sometimes associated with the psychological factors. It is often noticed that if a customer were satisfied with a particular brand, the customer would be more likely to purchase the products of similar brands (Oliver 2014). Therefore, the consumers behav iour is needed to be treated as the utmost priority to determine the profits of the companies that are selling products or services. Theory of Consumer Behaviour The theory of consumer behaviour concentrates on the judgment of the consumers perception related to buying any good from a particular brand. The consumer behaviour determines how a customer spends the money on purchasing any good or service to attain the highest level of satisfaction. According to Schiffman et al. (2013), utility is the measurement of the satisfaction level that drives a consumer towards consuming any particular commodity. The perception thus may vary among the individuals. The theory of the consumer behaviour is thus concentrating on two major approaches, such as the cardinal approach to utility and the ordinal approach to utility. Gifford and Nilsson (2014) explained that the Cardinalist school generally asserts that the utility can be quantified and measured. It suggests that there is the possibility to measure the satisfaction level that is obtained through consuming any particular good. It is measured by transforming into the quantitative terms. On the other hand, the Ordinalist school is suggesting the utility or the satisfaction level cannot be measured by obtaining the idea through using the good. In such cases, the consumers have the right to compare the product by other products available in the market. If the expected product is not satisfying the needs of the consumers, there is the possibility that the consumer can switch to another product of different brand. Apart from the cardinal and ordinal utility, there is another type of category visible and that is Total Utility and the Marginal Utility. Ooijen et al. (2016) stated that the total utility is often known as the aggregated utility that is derived from the consumers perceptions after using the product. On the other hand, the Marginal Utility is conceptualized as the utility that flows from the additional unit of commodity over what has been consumed. Types of Consumer Behaviour It is necessary to determine that the resources are sufficient to fulfill the demands and needs of the potential consumers. The customer buying behaviour can be classified into four major categories that are explained below: Complex Buying Behaviour of the Customers The significant difference between the brands is visible when the customers are highly involved with the buying process. In such cases, the consumers need to collect the extensive and adequate information related to the product attribute (Konstantoglou et al. 2016). The product packaging can be helpful in such cases. Variety Seeking Behaviour of the Customers Many of the consumers are less involved with the buying products. In spite of the lower buying behaviour, there is the significant difference noticed between the brands. In such cases, the consumers seek the product variations more specifically. It is to be indicated that the consumers usually do not buy products from different brands due to the dissatisfaction level (Gifford and Nilsson 2014). They often seek variety and superiority and buy the products from different brands. The advertisements of the products influence the customers in such cases. Dissonance Buying Behaviour of the Customers In this category, the customers are more involved in focusing on the few differences in the brands. The consumers seek quality in terms of purchasing any product. However, it is noted that the preferable product quality with low rate can be effective enough in attracting the customers more specifically (Case and Given 2016). Habitual Buying Behaviour of the Customers In this buying behaviour, the customer involvement in the purchasing process is very less. There are even few differences found between the brands that influence the customers to purchase the products quickly. Therefore, these types of the consumers behaviour are needed to be judged before designing the product package (Konstantoglou et al. 2016). Impact of Product Packaging on Consumer Behaviour It is assumed that the buying behaviour of the customers is mostly influenced when the customers are in the store. The product packaging is the final point of influencing the decision of the customers related to the product purchase whereas the marketing messaging is influenced by the advertisements. The product packaging creates the clear linking between the brand specifications and the purchasing behaviour of the consumers. It is thus considered as the one of the most fruitful process of establishing the interaction between the brands and the consumers. Konstantoglou et al. (2016) stated that packaging directly correlates to the product quality. It draws the attention of the customers when it is placed in the shelf of the store. Many of the universities proved that the packaging process has the direct influence on the decision-making process of the customer in different sectors. It is also examined that the consumers usually pay more attention towards the products and the packaging style that shapes the perspectives of the consumers whether to buy the products or not (Case and Given 2016). The innovative use of packaging is essentially needed to be concentrated since it generates the idea about the consumers attribute towards the brand. Hence, the packaging elements are repeatedly examined to draw the attention of the potential consumers. Gaps in the Literature The literature study provides the insights about the influence of the product packaging process on consumers purchasing behaviour. Even though the literature provides the ideas about the different elements of product packaging, it does not clarify the type of the packaging that can influence the consumers. The main intention of the customer is to understand the benefits of the innovative product packaging. Moreover, it is even essential to understand the current market needs. However, the literature study lacks the information regarding the current demands of the customers regarding the innovative features of the product packages. The literature study has not even provided the perception of the customers to determine the specific product features. Hence, the literature study is somewhat limited. Conclusion The product packaging process is considered as the maintenance of the whole package that becomes the ultimate selling proposition. It helps in stimulating the impulsive purchasing behaviour as well. The effective packaging process increases the market share and sales ratio by reducing the promotional and market costs. Consumer behaviour is the set of activities that determines the experience of the consumers in searching the expected prospects. These prospects usually include the selection, evaluation, purchasing process, and searching for the right products. These behaviours usually influence the customers to judge the available products and services. If these products and services are fulfilling the needs of demands of the customers, it will be effective enough in making a quick decision regarding the purchase of any product. The product packaging is the final point of influencing the decision of the customers related to the product purchase whereas the marketing messaging is influ enced by the advertisements. The product packaging creates the clear linking between the brand specifications and the purchasing behaviour of the consumers. It is thus considered as the one of the most fruitful process of establishing the interaction between the brands and the consumers References Case, D.O. and Given, L.M. eds., 2016.Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Emerald Group Publishing. Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C. and Morgan-Thomas, A., 2015. Consumer engagement in online brand communities: a social media perspective.Journal of Product Brand Management,24(1), pp.28-42. Gifford, R. and Nilsson, A., 2014. Personal and social factors that influence pro?environmental concern and behaviour: A review.International Journal of Psychology,49(3), pp.141-157. Grunert, K.G., Hieke, S. and Wills, J., 2014. Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use.Food Policy,44, pp.177-189. Gunter, B. and Furnham, A., 2014.Consumer Profiles (RLE Consumer Behaviour): An Introduction to Psychographics(Vol. 5). Routledge. Konstantoglou, A., Kokmotos, E., Folinas, D. and Fotiadis, T.A., 2016, June. Significance of packaging elements from marketing and logistics points of view. In4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece(p. 392). Kuvykaite, R., Dovaliene, A. and Navickiene, L., 2015. Impact of package elements on consumers purchase decision.Economics and Management, (14), pp.441-447. Maniatis, P., 2016. Investigating factors influencing consumer decision-making while choosing green products.Journal of Cleaner Production,132, pp.215-228. Nikolova, H.D. and Inman, J.J., 2015. Healthy choice: the effect of simplified point-of-sale nutritional information on consumer food choice behavior.Journal of Marketing Research,52(6), pp.817-835. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Raheem, A.R., Vishnu, P. and Ahmed, A.M., 2014. Impact of product packaging on consumers buying behavior.European Journal of Scientific Research,122(2), pp.125-134. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. ST Wang, E., 2013. The influence of visual packaging design on perceived food product quality, value, and brand preference.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,41(10), pp.805-816. Stolzenbach, S., Bredie, W.L., Christensen, R.H. and Byrne, D.V., 2013. Impact of product information and repeated exposure on consumer liking, sensory perception and concept associations of local apple juice.Food research international,52(1), pp.91-98. Van Ooijen, I., Fransen, M.L., Verlegh, P.W. and Smit, E.G., 2016. Atypical food packaging affects the persuasive impact of product claims.Food Quality and Preference,48, pp.33-40. Velasco, C., Woods, A.T., Petit, O., Cheok, A.D. and Spence, C., 2016. Crossmodal correspondences between taste and shape, and their implications for product packaging: A review.Food Quality and Preference,52, pp.17-26. Vyas, H., 2015. Packaging Design Elements and Users Perception: a context in fashion branding and communication.Journal of Applied Packaging Research,7(2), p.5.

Women Circumcision an Example by

Women Circumcision Women circumcision commonly known female genital mutilation may be defined as causing injury on the genitals of a female by removing partially or fully the genitals mostly for cultural, religious or traditional reasons. Research indicate that although most females are circumcised without their consent, some out of their own volition prefer to undergo the process for sexual reasons. It is estimated that at least 2 million female circumcision procedures are carried out every year with more than 130 million females undergoing the procedure. This practice is very rampant in Africa especially in the western region. Other countries where the practice is prevalent include Mali, Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan. Egypt has however put a law in place to prohibit the practice thus making it outlawed. Need essay sample on "Women Circumcision" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Female circumcision is also prevalent in the Middle East where it is practiced in secrecy unlike in Africa where it is conducted as an open ceremony. Female circumcision is practiced across the religious divide and is therefore not limited to one or specific religions only. The major belief especially in most African countries is that female circumcision ensures a woman has an honorable life with the husband and children. Advocates of female circumcision advance various arguments justifying the practice. Students Often Tell EssayLab support: Who wants to write paper for me? Our professionals advise: Writing Essay Papers Is Easier With Us Cheap Essay Help Custom Writing Pay Someone to do Your Assignment Pay For Essay Reviews They argue that a circumcised female is able to preserve her virginity until she gets married and that will therefore prevent immoral behavior thus curbing promiscuity among women. Promiscuity is said to reduce as the clitoris, which is the determining factor to sexual satisfaction is removed. It is also argued that a female who has undergone the procedure enhances her fertility and productivity as and that her matrimonial opportunities become higher. It is also argued that female circumcision ensures sexual satisfaction among the females and that their sexual performance is increased. Scientists and doctors are still very adamant about these social benefits brought forward stating that they are unreliable, as most of them have no scientific back up. In some communities the circumcision was done as a way of maintaining cleanliness and good health among women by removing the parts that produce secretions. N some West African countries, it is believed when a child is born, they poses b oth sexes and therefore circumcision during puberty is vital to make ones sex clear. The removal of the foreskin on a males penis makes a man fully male while the removal of the clitoris makes a woman fully female. Another major reason why female circumcision is done that some people believe that the clitoris is an unattractive and unhygienic organ that must be removed. Doctors in the past encouraged the practice as a way of curbing masturbation. The doctors also stated that cases of irritation, scratching and irritability at the genitals were reduced upon circumcision. These justifications were however ungrounded and have since declined. Though there is no scientific justification, it is claimed that that female circumcision is a cure to stress, hysteria, kleptomania and lack of sanity among women. In most African an communities where traditions and cultures still dictate peoples ways of living, female circumcision is used as way of test for preservation of virginity and is considered very vital for an honorable marriage. Female circumcision is regarded so highly such that a man who marries an uncircumcised woman is not only seen as an outcast, but is also banished and faces stigmatization from fellow men and the community at large. On the other hand, women who have undergone the procedure are accorded positions of power in the religion, political and cultural areas. However, human right activists and defenders of womens rights have firmly opposed the practice as it gives a general assumption that women cannot exercise self-control over their bodies thus the necessity to remove clitoris. It also limits the womens rights to enjoy the sexual activity with whomever they choose. Some communities even believe tat female circumcision enhances a womans looks making her look more beautiful and admirable. The argument is that since the foreskin in a male is removed for aeshetis reasons, so should the clitoris, which is considered the counterpart of penis. The males are also said to enjoy sexual activity if they engage themselves with circumcised women. However most of these arguments are unfounded, as they have no scientific or medical back and support. Female circumcision among the Muslims can be traced back during the life of Muhammad. It was only practiced by a small sect of Muslims, as majority believed that the practice was banned as it caused grievous bodily harm and damage to the bodies, minds and their general health. However the practice is considered religious among the sahih Muslims as it is supported by the hadith (349) where the prophet mention s that upon the meeting of the two circumcised parts then sex results. Muslim scholars however unanimously agree that circumcision is for men only. At one point it was stated by a Dean in Al-Azhar University that female circumcision is a crime and should not be associated with the Islamic religion. Religious leaders across the region have been at the forefront to oppose the practice as one that has no religious connection although some religious leaders prefer to handle it as more of a medical issue than religious. In the Jewish religion, female circumcision was completely outlawed and is in fact not given a mention in any text if religion. This was so because of the strong belief that a persons body does not belong them but is Gods and any modification done especially permanent amounts to destruction of Gods property. They however recognize male circumcision. In communities where female circumcision is practiced, it is mainly done between the ages 4 to 8 though it can even take place from infancy to puberty age. In some societies it is carried out during a womans first pregnancy. The most unfortunate thing I most cases is that those who carry out the circumcision procedure are non professionals with no medical back ground and therefore put the life of the woman at a very great risk. Banning the practice has greatly reduced the practice and especially to those who carry out the procedure without anesthetics which is very risky. It can result to shock because of the severe pain. This may then have long term effects like infertility. Other severe consequences of the procedure include infections of the urinary and the reproductive tracts. This results from blockage of urine and menstrual flow leading to infertility. Engaging in sex for the first time becomes severely painful as the labia majora has to be cut open to allow the male penetrate the vagina. The opening, which is done with a knife by, the husband who has no medical knowledge and background may lead to very serious complications. Research conducted back in 2006 by World Health Organization in some African countries including Sudan, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Nigeria and Ghana highly discredit genital cutting of whichever kind terming it unsafe. It is also a fact that most women who have undergone the circumcision stand a risk of loosing their babies during delivery. Egypt in June 2007 outlawed and banned completely this practice when a 12-year-old girl died soon after going through the procedure. Studies indicate that what determines if a woman will achieve sexual satisfaction after going through the procedure is the state of mind at the time of the procedure. If she goes through the circumcision voluntarily she will still have sexual satisfaction but if she is forced and feels traumatized after the procedure orgasm frequency goes down. Although various laws have been put in place to stop this procedure many societies and cultural groups still engage in the practice. Recent studies indicate that women who have undergone the circumcision procedure always find it difficult to achieve optimum sexual satisfaction. Another major complication that a circumcised woman suffers is the loss of blood and in most cases the loss is usually excessive leading to other problems like anemia due to excessive blood loss. The worst complication if the situation goes out of hand is death, which apparently is usually the fate of most females who undergo the procedure. Female circumcision also creates a major avenue through which HIV can be transmitted. It is also interesting to note that this practice is quickly spreading in the west so that there female circumcision in the United States. This is as a result of migration where Africans settle in the US and continuer to practice their diversified cultures and traditions. The practice of female genital mutilation is considered as a way of violation of human rights as o it not only lowers a womans dignity but also reduces a womans self worth making her feel inferior and subordinate. It is viewed as a mens way of looking down on women. Many countries are quickly coming to the rescue and defense of their women and are quickly enacting laws to protect the rights of the women. A law that was recently passed states that it is a crime to carry out female genital mutilation on a female below the age of eighteen unless the procedure is of utmost necessity to protect the life of the female. The age is of importance because a female of eighteen years and above is considered legally capable of making sound decisions and if she goes through the procedure at that age it will only be through her consent as an adult. Violation of this law attracts a jail tem of not less than five years or a fine or both. However, an exception to this law again is if the practice is being carried out as a traditional or cultural rite. In the past, nobody seemed to take the issue of female genital mutilation seriously. Women suffered in silence, as there was nobody to listen to their grievances. This was specially so in Africa. However, governments of various countries and the international community at large have come out strongly in condemnation of the practice terming it outdated and barbaric. Despite protests by various humanitarian groups over the practice the female circumcision is still very prevalent in many countries allover the world. Objects used to carry out this procedure include kitchen knives, pieces of glass and old razor blades thereby posing a great danger to the womans health. In some case there is sewing up of the wound until only a small opening remains. This in itself is a very painful and traumatizing experience, which is unnecessarily subjected to women. Equally the continued practice of this barbaric procedure has raised the infant mortality rate. Statistics indi9cate that the number of children who have died below the age of five is very and at least 80% die from female circumcision related cases. Doctors have also given conformed reports that circu mcised women always have difficulties having birth in the normal way and in most cases have to result to caesarean which in most cases is normally unsuccessful and the woman just succumbs. Some communities, still holding to their culture and traditions have now stopped circumcising their women at home and they are instead taking them to medical professionals to carry out the procedure. However, World Health Organization together with other humanitarian organizations still believe that female circumcision is a torture of a kind to the woman despite of the fact that it is carried out by a professional and therefore are of the opinion that it should be abolished completely. In conclusion therefore, it is important to state clearly that female circumcision or female genital mutilation is a dangerous practice and that every measure ought to be taken to ensure that the practice is brought to an end and that this happens without further delay to ensure the safety of the female gender. Works Cited Arnfred Signe. Rethinking Sexualities In Africa. Nordic Africa Institute, 2004 Abusharaf Rogaia M. Female Circumcision. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006 Duncan Bettina S, Ylva Hernlund. Female Circumcision in Africa, Lynne Rienner Publishers 2002 Egbo Benedicta. Gender, Literacy and Life Chances in Sub-Saharan. Multilingual Matters, 2000 Hernlund Ylva, Bettina Duncan S. Transcultural Bodies. Rutgers University Press, 2007 Lieu Judith. Neither Jew nor Greek. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 Nnaemeka Obioma. Female Circumcision and The Politics of Knowledge. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005 Packer Corinne A. Using Human Rights To Change Traditions. Intersentia NV, 2004

Article VIII What does it really mean essays

Article VIII What does it really mean essays Article VIII: What Does It Really Mean? required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment Excessive bail was borrowed with a few slight changes from the English Bill of Rights Act. The concept of bail in both England and in the United States was never thought as right to bail in all cases, but to provide that bail would not be excessive in cases where it is considered legitimate to set bail. The definition of Bail, as according to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, property given as surety that a person released from custody will return custody will return at an appointed time. The concept of bail was first created by the Statute of Westminster the First of 1275 A.D., which created a detailed list of certain offenses that were bailable and those that were not. Because judges were permitted to imprison people with or without bail, the Petition of Right was enacted in 1628 A.D. Due to various frauds of petitions for habeas corpus which could not be presented the English Parliament enacted the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 A.D., which established procedures for the release of prisoners from prison and created penalties for judges who did not comply with the Act. As a result of this, the judges then set bail so high, that it could not be met. With this Parliament responded by including in the Bill of Rights of 1689 A.D. a provision that excessive bail shoul d not be required. In America excessive fines were given meaning during the early part of the twentieth century. In an early case, the Supreme Court held that it had no authority to revise the sentence of an inferior court, despite the fact that the excessiveness of the fines were quite apparent on the face of the records. With the inability to pay, the poor were then sentenced to jail and thus giving meaning to the term ''excessive fines'' as it applied to the person sentenced. During the time the Eighth Amendment was adopt...

Customer Service Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Service Techniques - Essay Example Cancellations are also common whenever Mother Nature decides to strike. If you were not aware the airline has a strict policy that prohibits its employees from giving a customer a refund for any event or lodging expenses that the customers incurs in even if a delay or cancellation of flight occurs due to whether conditions. This policy was created to protect the company from claims such as yours which are out of the control of the organization. The mission of the company is to satisfy our customers in every possible way. Our denial of your claim does not mean we do not value your business as a customer. The damage you incurred in has nothing to do with the activities of the airline. We are very strict in our policy because the only responsibility of the airline is activity associated with the flight of its airplanes. The resources of our airline are used in an efficient manner to provide the best customer service in the industry. Since the company was not able to provide you with the flight services you needed we most certainly will provide you with either a refund of your money spend on the flight or give you a credit to be spend on a different flight for the future. The firm’s policy on refunds is more flexible than some our competition due to the fact we provide customers with cash refunds, while other companies only provide a flight credit. We hope that this resolution meets your expectation. It is unfortunate that you miss your event. Our company is truly sorry about the inconvenience you incurred in due to the cancellation of flight associated with the weather. Your secondary claim that the mechanical misfit made the cancellation of weather occurrence obsolete is not valid. The mechanical problem did cause a delay, but the cancellation occurred due to weather conditions. The flight had a one hour delay due to a mechanical problem. Airplanes are machines that sometimes break down mechanically just like automobiles due. The safety of the customers is the number one priority of the airline. The airline under no circumstance was going to endanger the lives of customers by putting an airplane in the air that had any type of mechanical failure. We are truly sorry that you had to wait while our mechanics fixed the plane. Having a flight on time is not as important to the firm as ensuring an airplane is free of mechanical errors whenever a problem occurs. The safety record of our company is flawless. We understand that waiting for a mechanical error to be fixed is a hassle for the customer, but sometimes it occurs and we must deal with the problem accordingly. The mechanical error was not the reason that the flight was cancelled. The flight was cancelled after the one hour delay due to bad weather. There is no association between the mechanical error and the bad weather. The worries and concerns of the firm’s customers are a top priority for the airline. In the future we hope we can provide you with superb services if you deci de to choose our company as your preferred airline. The mission of this airline is to ensure our customers have a great flight and reach their destination on time. Most of the time our flights leave on time and our customers get to their destination at the precise time their flight ticket specifies, but sometimes whenever the weather prohibits it flights are delayed and cancelled. The airline industry is highly regulated by the government. The Federal government has strict rules regarding flight leaving

Confidentiality as a Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Confidentiality as a Nurse - Essay Example However, these cannot be considered as separate entities as confidentiality is interlinked with privacy and trust and most of the time means that the information should be kept a secret from others (Butts & Rich, 2005). Breach of confidentiality in the nursing practice leads to an encounter with ethical dilemmas, however, different circumstances call for unique decisions. The code of ethics includes confidentiality as an important and significant part of the nursing practice to ensure a trustworthy and open relationship between the clinician and the patient. The ANA Code for the Nurses states: â€Å"Associated with the right to privacy, the nurses have a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information.† The ANA Code for Nurses also states: â€Å"The patient’s well-being could be jeopardized and the fundamental trust between patient and nurse destroyed by unnecessary access to data or by the inappropriate disclosure of identifiable patient information† (Benjamin & Curtis, 2010). These principles of confidentially and respect to other people’s information establish the confidential nature of the communication between the patient and the nurse and the duty of the nurse to maintain the trust and privacy. If a nurse shares information about the patient during her nursing practice, she not only creates breach in confidentiality but also fails to respect the patient. Nevertheless, the nurses are encountered with a plethora of circumstances which place them in a dilemma about whether to preserve the confidential relationship or disclose the information for the patient’s benefit. An ethical case presented by Pamela G. Nathanson discusses the case of nurse Carol Hathaway where she promises her two young patients to keep their information a secret and will not disclose the patient’s information to the parent’s or any other person. The sole reason of her act was because the adolescents were reluctant to enter int o care thus she ensured them of privacy and secrecy. The two girls were suspecting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and one of the girls is diagnosed with human papillomavirus and later she also tests positive for cervical cancer. The girls had been a part of various â€Å"sex parties† with multiple partners which led to the current circumstances and, therefore, are reluctant in telling their parents. This is an ethical dilemma for the nurse Hathaway as she is obligated to keep the information a secret. However, she is advised by the physician to report the parents as the treatment for the cancer requires parental consent as well as their support for the adolescent girl. Moreover, the physician also advised the nurse that the school authorities should be informed of the girl’s condition so that action could be taken about the sexual activities prevalent among the students (Nathanson, 2000). The case represents a complicated situation faced by the nurse where ethics of confidentiality have to be questioned or compromised for a better good. Confidentiality specifically in cases of adolescent or young patients is an important subject as most of them are hesitant or reluctant to share their information, fearing disclosure of their condition to friends, family or social circle. In such circumstances, the nurses have to gain the trust of the patients and show

Assessment of the factors influencing profitability within refractive Dissertation

Assessment of the factors influencing profitability within refractive clinics and recommendations for best practice management - Dissertation Example The purpose of this study is to describe the factors that affect profitability within refractive clinics and to examine the relationship between these factors and best practice in refractive care. The study is done in two settings the first being an online platform with 40 participants (n=40) and the second being closed door, eight interview sessions involving 28 participants (n=28) at two private clinics in north one in Turin and the other in Milan. The study was qualitative in nature, and it utilized a survey method to collect the necessary data. The survey involved the use of instruments such as online questionnaires and semistructured interview questions. Online questionnaires were prepared with the help of SurveyMonkey, and sent to the 40 participants who were refractive care patients identified from clinical databases. The questionnaires were designed in line with the research objectives. Overall, questionnaires were chosen as they heightened the validity and reliability of the research through the collection of quantitative, objective data. Semi structured interviews were chosen in order to gain context and detail. They were conducted under 8 sessions at the two private clinics that were used for the study. The results for both surveys were centrally analyzed in regards to the findings in the literature review. The findings for the online survey revealed that the participants strongly consider two key factors when making their choice attend refractive clinics. These factors include management, where they showed strong consideration for private clinics. The other factor was technology superiority whereby they would first assess the clinics and later consider the one with better technology. For the interview sessions, the results indicated that the top five factors of importance were as following. Technological Superiority, friendly and professional staff, trust in the service, organisational culture, and personal and individual service in the order of sup eriority starting with most important. To conclude the research reflects upon the importance of a consideration of organisational factors in order to enhance profitability. Moving away from a sole financial perspective, this research has promoted the importance of a patient centric approach and the use of relationships to build perceptions and expectations of quality of care. Table of Contents Table of Contents 4 Chapter One: Introduction 6 Chapter Two: Background and Literature Review 10 2.1.2 Refractive Surgery 12 2.1.3 Alternative technologies 12 2.2 Background on Profitability in Refractive Care 14 2.2.2 Patient Economics 16 2.2.3 Prospective Patient Demographics 17 2.2.4 The Refractive Surgery Patient Pool 21 2.2.5 Procedure Pricing 24 2.2.6 Relationships between Demand and Economic Conditions 25 2.2.7 Penetration Rates and Available Market 25 2.2.8 Refractive Surgery Centers Concentrated in Metro Areas 26 2.2.9 Competition 27 2.2.10 Michael Porter 5 forces analysis on refracti ve market 28 2.3 Motivations for refractive surgery 30 2.4 Marketing perspectives: experiential marketing 30 2.5 Satisfaction in the healthcare sector 31 2.6 Organisational Culture 33 2.7 Leadership 34 2.8 Organisational capabilities 35 2.9 Current research and summary 36 Chapter Three: Methodology 37 3.1 Research Methodology and Design 37 3.2 Research Philosophy 38 3.3 Research Ethics 38 3.3.1 Human Rights Protection 39 3.4 Sample Size 39 3.4.1 Sample Recruitment 40 3.5 The setting 41 3.6 Data Collection 42 3.7 Instruments 42 3.7.1 Questionnaires 42 3.7.2 Semi Structured Interviews 43 3.8 Data Analysis Plan 44 3.9 Assumptions 45 3.10 Methodology Summary 45 Chapter Four: The Results 47 4.1 Sample 47 4.2 Survey Results 48 4.2.1 Results from the

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD GROUP MEMBERS ARIEL MAHABIRSINGH RACHEL CADOGAN BACKGROUND AND HISTORY OF THE OECD (OECD 2010) Background The OECD is the replacement organization to the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) whose specific purposes was to help the reconstruction of Europe after World War Two. The OECD development was not always smooth one as it has been perceived as â€Å"rich man’s club† its members account for approximately three-fifths of the world’s GNI and has faced many calls for its dismantlement (Woodward, Richard 2009). Over the past 50 years, the OECD has become a valuable source of â€Å"policy analysis and internationallycomparable statistical, economic and social data.† (USOECD 2014) MEMBER NATIONS Image showing member nations of the OECD (OECD 2014) MISSION The OECD mission is â€Å"to promote policies that will improve sustainable economic growth and development, maximize employment social well-being of people around the world.† (Woodward, 2009) ORGANISATIONL STRUCTURE The OECD functions as three tier structure. This is comprised of a Council, a Secretariat and Committees. The Council, which is at the top, consists of ambassadors from the various member states that are in charge of establishing goals and policy issues. The Council holds the power of decision making as they handle the oversight and strategic direction of the organisation. The Secretariat is made up of the Secretary General, the deputy Secretaries General and directorates. These include economists, scientists and lawyers and several administrative staff, who are responsible for research, data collection and analysis. The Secretary General chairs the Council and thereby manages the work of the Secretariat. The Committees comprise of representatives from various member countries that come together to form groups such as education, environment, trade and investment. Table 1 showing: the organizational structure of the OECD (OECD 2014) ROLE AND FUNCTION The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has many key roles. These roles include: The major functions of the OECD are: To provide a platform in which governments of member nations can use to find solutions to common problems organize policies and share good practices To set global standards and principles by monitoring economic trends. and development policies To offers the know-how and ideas to over 1000 non-member countries for their development. (Economy Watch 2010) HOW THE OECD DOES IT? The OECD used the wide range of information gathered on various topics to help governments promote â€Å"prosperity and fight poverty through economic growth and financial stability. They also ensure the environmental implications of economic and social development are taken into account. OECDs work is based on continued monitoring of events in member countries as well as outside OECD area, and includes regular projections of short and medium-term economic developments.The OECD Secretariat collects and analyses data, after which committees discuss policy regarding this information, the Council makes decisions, and then governments implement recommendations. † (OECD 2014) Table 2 showing: The way the OECD works (OECD 2014) Types of Publications The OECD publications fall into three cqtegories Key Publication, which include Factbooks. At a Glance books, Insights, Outlooks, Economic Surveys, OECD Observer, Better Policies Series, OECD Insights and Blogs. They also produce several other types which include statistics, journals,magazines and papers (OECD 2014) A couple examples are as followed BOOKS: Africn Economic Outlook 2014 Health at a Glance Asia/Pacific 2012 Agricultural Policy Monitering and Evaluation 2014 JOURNALS: Financiaal Market Trends Competition Law Policy STATISTICS: OECD Health Statistics OECD Productivity Statistics OECD Science, Technology and RD Statistics Papers; Education Indicators in Focus Trade Policy Papers (OECD ILIBRARY2014) Development Projects of the OECD 1. OVERCOMING SCHOOL FAILURE: POLICIES THAT WORK â€Å"This project is based on the idea that the OECD can provide effective support to countries on how to progress toward fair and inclusive education systems,† It offers data on the policies that are successful in reducing school failure, and supports countries in promoting reform. This project directly reflects one of the roles OECD—providing the platform where governments can work together to solutions to common problems and share good practices. This project is both comparative and selective. It offers the breakdown of challenges faced by countries as well as an overview of the different policies implemented across OECD countries that aims at equity in education policies. Countries that are interested can have a targeted national assessment seminar during which the precise situation of the country will be examined. (OECD 2010) The overall aim of this project is to provide assistance and support to countries trying to improving their education policy and practices, in order to achieve reduction in failure and dropout rates. It updates and fine-tunes policies giving â€Å"tailor-made advice on how to design and model their policies, as well as on how to overcome barriers to implementation†. (OECD 2010) Table 3 showing: The structure of the OECD Project Overcoming School Failure: Policies That Work (OECD 2010) 2. PROGRAMME FOR INTERNATIONAAL STUDENT ASSESSMENT (PISA) (Locally) What is PISA? PISA is the OCED’s answer to the global call for countries to have a way of comparing the effect of their investments in schooling on the students’ knowledge and skills. (Oxford University Centre for Educational Assessment. 2011) This is an international assessment that examines educational performances on a common measure that is, reading science across countries, OCED member nations, partner nations and other non-members. (OECD 2014)It addresses the questions of if students are ready for real life future challenges? Are they able to analyze and communicate effectively? Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela have all participated in this project. (OECD 201) Why PISA? With PISA and other data provided by the OECD together with policy analysis, helps to build more effective and unbiased educational system with improved outcomes. As PISA addresses the future questions, the data gathered by this research helps to shape policy plans by identifying possible future issues. (OECD 2014) PISA represents a pledge by nations to supervise the outcomes of education systems through measuring student achievement on a regular basis and within an internationally agreed common framework. It aims to present a new foundation for policy dialogue and for partnership in defining and executing educational goals, in inventive ways that reflect judgments about the skills that are relevant to adult life. (OECD, 2009, p.9) PISA is one of the OECD major policy tools; this programme has pioneered new and highly collaborative ways in which to measure progress in societies on a global scale. There are many lessons that can be learnt from PISA on how to evaluate learning, the pace of achieving learning goal. Some countries have used their PISA results for a policy discussion indicates the likely pace of progress towards achieving a learning goal. 3. THE BETTER LIFE INITIATIVE (Globally) This project is a combination of various OCED works that makes an effort for move beyond GDP as a measure the well being of society, the OCED has pioneered a field of research that focuses on the aspects of life that matter to people and shapes their quality of life. They have identified 11 dimensions as being essential in terms of ‘material living conditions† which are income, housing and jobs and â€Å"quality of life â€Å"education, community, local environment, governance, health, subjective life satisfaction work/life balance and personal safety.(OECD 2011) This initiative is measured by the better life index Table 4 showing: The features of measuring well being [1] (OECD 2011) â€Å"The Better Life Indexes an interactive tool that allows you to see how countries perform according to the importance you give to each of 11 topics that make for a better life. From a statistical point of view, the Index relies on best practices for building composite indicators. The Index is robust to various methodological assumptions.† 4. LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN-OECD INVESTMENT INITIATIVE (Regionally) This Initiative aims to increase the input of private investment to economic and social development. It help improves government policies at three levels: (OECD 2010) Table 5 showing: How the initiative improves government policies Success and Failure of Initiatives SUCCESS: The Better Life Initiative has been by itself a success, considering that it is a newly introduced program. Out of this came the â€Å"Better Life Index† and â€Å"How’s Life†. The Better Life Index which was launched in 2011 is an interactive tool that allows one to assess the performance of countries based on eleven key elements that are important in the development and well being of OECD countries. It has been created in order to involve and engage citizens as they too play a role in the decision making of policies that lead the way to their social well being. The eleven dimensions include: Housing, Income, Jobs, Community, Education, Environment, Governance, Health, Life Satisfaction, Safety and Work Life Balance. . Each flower represents one country . Each petal represents one of the eleven dimensions . The length of the petal represents the country’s score in a topic and the width represents the importance of the topic (OECD 2011) Table 6 showing: How the better life index works (OECD 2012) FAILURE: PISA Program for International Student Assessment is an international evaluation that measures fifteen year old students’ performance in areas such as reading, mathematics and science literacy. It was first administered in 2000 and this is when Finland’s education system became involved. Finland has been the world leader in education however; recent assessments have shown that they are no longer at the top as results have declined since the mid 2000’s. PISA has driven the improvement in the beginning, however recent trends have changed. The involvement of PISA has therefore become a question in the education system. Some argue that it has encouraged the altering of teaching styles, curricula and grading schemes to make students well adapted to the program. It is established that while PISA has developed the Finnish education system in the early 2000’s it has also done some harm and produced minor downfalls. It has been proven to be an expensive way of handling the students who are â€Å"left behind†. These students sometimes become school drop outs or prolong their period of stay in order to successfully complete school. This therefore incurs additional costs on the governments. A second major issue is the gender differences in various areas of study. An example of this is in mathematics where girls are less motivated to learn and perform. This also ties in with the fact that girls are underrepresented in certain career fields such as engineering and computer science. This then widens the gap in education and so places more emphasis on one side, rather than an equal and fair system.(Strauss, 2013) Table 7 showing: PISA results Perception and Responses to the Institution PUBLIC PERCEPTON Positive Perception The OECD is seen as an organization with a bright future because it is forward thinking, one of the best in analysis and policy advice. It is seen as an essential international organization that provides a place for interstate consensus and cooperation bringing nations with similar challenges of globalization and sustainable development together. (Julin 2003) The OECD is perceived as being useful with their data since in some instances has improved policies and strategies when used to implement internal measures, (Asia Society. 2014) Negative Perception Mr. Paul Krugman is of the view that the OECD in the wake of soaring unemployment rates and low inflation â€Å"have consistently called for policies that would depress advanced economies even more.† He believes the OECD often makes recommendations without a rigid application of conventional economic models. (Krugman 2013) Some believe other institutions such as the World Bank and the World Economic Forum have become competitors the OECD and are actually outperforming them in issues that were once considered OECD turf. They believed that the OECD is outperformed due to the way in which they operate -extremely slow- making the organization seem powerless to pushing burning problems to the top of their agenda. Because of this, there is the perception that the OECD is not a key player in dealing with the issues of globalization and sustainable development. (Julin 2003) CIVIL SOCIETY AND NGO’S PERCEPTION The OECD has been engaging with civil society since its inception. For many years the civil societies, especially those whose focus is on business and labour sectors through the Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC) and the Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) has had a positive response to the OECD since the OECD has increasingly engaged in formal dialogues with them. (Global Policy Forum 2003) On the other hand, some civil organizations a NGO’S view the OECD as â€Å"a servant of developed country interests, sometimes even as an adversary, rather than a partner, in globalization and sustainable development† Civil societies especially criticize the OECD for their lack of openness to membership to nations other than European and a few rich non-European nations (Julin 2003) especially since the dialogue with these other interests are usually informal.. References Asia Society. 2014. â€Å"What is PISA and Why Does it Matter?†Accessed September 22, 2014. http://asiasociety.org/education/learning-world/what-pisa-and-why-does-it-matter Economy Watch. 2010. â€Å"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.† Accessed September 15, 2014. http://www.economywatch.com/international-organizations/organization-of-economic-cooperation-and-development.html Friends of the Chair group on broader measures of progress. 2014. Some national, regional and international efforts and practices in the measurement of sustainable development and human well-being.† Friends of the Chair group on broader measures of progress. Global Policy Forum 2003. â€Å"NGOs and the OECD†. Accessed September 22, 2014 https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/177/31572.html, Julin, Jorma. 2003. â€Å"The OECD: Securing the future† OECD Observer, December. Accessed September 22, 2014 http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/1197/The_OECD:_Securing_the_future.html Krugman, Paul. 2013. â€Å"Uncertain at the OECD.† The New York Times. September 12, Accessed September 22, 2014 http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/uncertain-at-the-oecd/?_php=true_type=blogs_r=0 OECD 2010, â€Å"Active with Latin America and Caribbean†. Accessed September 28, 2014. http://www.oecd.org/globalrelations/Latin_America_2013_GB.pdf OECD 2010, †Latin America and Caribbean: Conference on investment for jobs and development, Santiago, Chile, 27-28 September 2010† Accessed September 28, 2014 http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/latinamericaandcaribbeanconferenceoninvestmentforjobsanddevelopmentsantiagochile27-28september2010.htm OECD 2011. How’s Life? Measuring well-being, OECD Publishing Accessed September 18, 2014http://dx.doi.org.10.1787/9789264121164-en OECD 2011. â€Å"Latin America and Caribbean: Conference on investing in infrastructure for jobs and development† Accessed September 28, http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/latinamericaandcaribbeanconferenceoninvestingininfrastructureforjobsanddevelopment.htm OECD. 2011. â€Å"OECD Launches Your Better Life Index.† Accessed September 20, 2014. http://www.oecd.org/general/oecdlaunchesyourbetterlifeindex.htm OECD 2012. â€Å"Latin America and Caribbean: Conference on international value chains† Accessed September 28, 2014. http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/conferenceonglobalvalue-chainsandcompetitiveness.htm OECD. 2014. â€Å"About PISA† Accessed September 19, 2014. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/aboutpisa/pisafaq.htm OECD. 2014. â€Å"History.†Accessed September 15, 2014 http://www.oecd.org/about/history/. OECD. 2014. â€Å"Members and Partners†. Accessed September 18, 2014 http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/ OECD. 2014.†Latin America and Caribbean: Conference on infrastructure investment† Accessed September 28,, 2014. http://www.oecd.org/countries/peru/lac-2014-infrastructure-conference.htm OECD. â€Å"OECDiLibrary.† Accessed September 17, 2014. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/books;jsessionid=2pk5e0rnb7ls8.x-oecd-live-02 OECD. 2014. â€Å"Who Does What?† Accessed September 20 2014http://www.oecd.org/about/whodoeswhat/ OECD. 2014. â€Å"OECD Publishing† http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/ OECD ILIBRARY. 2014 Accessed September 20, 2014. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/# Oxford University Centre for Educational Assessment. 2011. â€Å"POLICY EFFECTS OF PISA† Accessed September 18 2014 http://oucea.education.ox.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Policy-Effects-of-PISA-OUCEA.pdf OECD/AfDB/UNDP(2014),African Economic Outlook 2014: Global Value Chains and Africas Industrialisation, OECD Publishing. Accessed September 21, 2014. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/african-economic-outlook_19991029 Strauss, Valerie. 2013. â€Å"Are Finland’s vaunted schools slipping?† The Washington Post , December 3. Accessed September 8, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2013/12/03/are-finlands-vaunted-schools-slipping/# United States OECD. 2014. â€Å"What is the OECD?† Accessed September 22, 2014. http://usoecd.usmission.gov/mission/overview.html Woodward, Richard. 2009. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Global Institutions, Taylor Francis. Accessed September 15, 201 4 http://books.google.tt/books?id=F61_AgAAQBAJpg=PR1lpg=PR1dq=why+is+the+oecd+dismissed+as+a+rich+mans+clubsource=blots=DTD0vhbGIHsig=3s8GpUJXJRm4icRfN8rmkprI5qAhl=ensa=Xei=g8ciVNqSK8eQgwTn7YHQAQredir_esc=y#v=twopageqf=false [1]

Minimum Profit Possible Made on Drinks in Different Climates :: Profit Consumerism Sales Essays

Minimum Profit Possible Made on Drinks in Different Climates Create the minimum profit possible using the predicted amount of how many hot and cold drink would be sold in different weather climates and the price limits for the two drinks as provided in the ICT booklet. Evaluation Task 5 ================= Holly Grove High School Price Pledge Model ------------------------------------------ For this task, I needed to (as stated in the ICT booklet) create the minimum profit possible using the predicted amount of how many hot and cold drink would be sold in different weather climates and the price limits for the two drinks as provided in the ICT booklet. I used the formulas that I knew to calculate totals on the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and thus to create the minimum profit. I had to ensure that my minimum profit did not go lower than 0 for this would mean that I would not be able to pay for costs such as Programme printing and public address system etc. Now, I am going to evaluate my work going through what was incorrect with each attempt I also did not read the instructions properly and failed to respond to the fact that the hot drinks should either be  £0.55 or  £0.60, therefore the total profit result is completely and I needed to revise the model completely. I choose the cold drink prices because when it was a cold weather climate the cold drink profit was going to be small as people prefer hot drinks in this weather climate, whereas on a hot day, the hot drink profit is going to small, as people prefer cold drinks in this weather climate. Using the correct instructions, my profits decreased rapidly. 40% of the profits were the final profits, which I would use for my final model, however the total profit for the hot weather climate was very high compared to the other profits, which were all under  £4.00. The profits for the warm climate and the mild climate were both below  £1.50, however I checked that they could not go any lower by decreasing the cold drink price by  £0.01 to  £0.53 and  £0.54, however the profits went into the minus numbers. For my third attempt, I decreased the profit for the hot weather

Myers-Briggs Paper

Mallory Simpson Psych 101: Myers-Briggs Paper Professor Baker 8/13/12 After taking the Myers-Briggs test, I am not at all surprised by the results I was given. 67% introvert is what I was distinctively ranked for personality type and I couldn’t agree more. Next on the list was 44% judging. This particular one leaves me wondering what type of judging? Is it being a judgmental person, or rather judging between the pros and cons of something, or maybe judging based on intuition or discernment. I think that a lot of people that know me would agree with this aspect also. 8% was the score for feeling. Although I agree with the order of the results, I would also put feeling number one. I am most definitely a feeling person. I would assume that this goes along with emotions also. Not only am I worried about how I may feel about a particular situation, I often wonder how the other person may feel as well. Lastly on the list I scored a 25% for sensing. When I think about the difference between an introvert and an extrovert, I think the biggest difference is the ability to sit back, relax, and see the bigger picture.A lot of introverts are quiet and observant and able to see things that an outgoing, always on the go, loud and talkative extrovert may miss. Of course, this may not be the case for every opposite, but I think for the majority it is true. An extrovert has the advantage to get out and seize the opportunity that an introvert may miss which is the biggest positive I see for an extrovert. The Myers-Briggs test was very insightful for me. â€Å"The wise of heart will receive commandments, but a babbling fool will come to ruin. † –Proverbs 10:8